How to organize artificial feeding of a child? Complete nutrition for the artificer.

Feeding a child is a very responsible process. And it all starts with the choice of mixture. What to feed a newborn month old baby? For babies in the first half of life, it should be highly adapted, that is, as similar as possible to breast milk.

This mixture is called "initial", and the packaging will show a unity. For children older than six months, “follow-up” mixtures are intended, the composition of which meets the needs of a grown organism.

They have more protein, fats and trace elements. Packages are marked with the number "2".

If the child spit up often and more than expected, an anti-reflux mixture will help. In case of violation of the digestion of food, sour-milk mixtures, mixtures containing beneficial bacteria, will come to the rescue.

When choosing a mixture, it is advisable to consult a doctor. When buying a mixture, you need to pay attention to the expiration date and integrity of the package.

There are also mixtures that include special components that have a specific healing effect. So, if someone in the family suffers from allergies, it is advisable to start with a hypoallergenic mixture.

Specially prepared dishes

Bottles that are used for feeding must be pre-washed with a brush and sterilized. This can be done by boiling them for 5-10 minutes or using a special sterilizer. The bottle in which the mixture is diluted must be dry.

The nipple should be selected with the expectation that the mixture will flow out of it not in a trickle, but drop by drop. This will ensure active sucking, and not just swallowing the pouring mixture. What is important for the development of the maxillofacial apparatus.

Diet and routine

This is a very important point. The baby gets his food on demand. How many times should a child eat on IV? Schedule depends on age. So, a newborn eats 7 - 9 times a day, a child of 2 - 5 months - 6 - 7 times, six months old child You need to eat 5-6 times a day.

To do this, you first need to determine the daily amount of food. How much a baby should eat depends on its weight and age. So, up to two months, a child needs a volume of food in the amount of 1 ̸ 5 of his weight, at 2 - 4 months - 1 ̸ 6, at 4 - 6 months 1 ̸ 7 of body weight, over six months - 1 ̸ 8.

For example, a child weighs 4.5 kilograms at 1 month, then he needs 900 milliliters of the mixture per day. It must be remembered that this volume should not exceed 1 liter.

To determine the amount of formula needed for one feeding, divide the daily formula by required number feedings. This will be 100 - 130 milliliters of the mixture.

It happens that the child eats a little less or more. A small gap is possible. Systematic overfeeding or underfeeding should not be allowed. For a child, this is fraught with obesity or malnutrition.

The bulk method described above is the simplest and most convenient to use. If necessary, or if there are problems with weight, the doctor can calculate the volume of a certain mixture for a particular child using the caloric method and taking into account the age-related need for proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

How to prepare a mixture?

Only boiled water should be used. The volume of water required for one feeding at a temperature of 50 ° C is poured into the bottle and the prescribed amount of the mixture is poured (details are indicated on the package). Everything is thoroughly shaken and mixed.

How to formula feed?

How to properly feed a child? Before feeding, make sure optimum temperature prepared mixture. To do this, drop it on your wrist (on the palmar surface). Its temperature should not be felt by the skin.

Wash your hands with soap. Get into a comfortable position. Special pillows will help with this, with the use of which you can comfortably position yourself and your child. In this case, feeding will become a pleasant rest for the nursing person and a source of the necessary tactile contact for the baby.

Therefore, it is better to take it in your hands. If the child is prone to excessive spitting up, it is better to hold him upright. In other cases, it is semi-vertical.

Turn the bottle upside down so that the mixture completely fills the nipple and neck, and the air rushes to the bottom. This will prevent the child from swallowing air and developing colic.

Care must be taken to ensure that the mixture from the nipple drips, and does not pour. Over time, nipples wear out and need to be replaced.

If the mixture remains

According to the rules, the mixture remaining after feeding must be poured out. But it can still be stored for a while. At room temperature, one to two hours and no more than half a day in the refrigerator. Before you feed this mixture, it must be heated to an acceptable temperature.

Soldering

The artificial nutrition of the child must be supplemented with liquid - water, weak decoctions of rose hips and tea (not the usual one that we drink daily, but children's, herbal).

In the heat and in a room with dry air, the amount drunk should be increased by 50-100 ml. It is also worth monitoring the health of the child.

Formula-fed babies begin to introduce complementary foods earlier than infants. From 4 - 4.5 months they are already beginning to give vegetable puree, from 5 - porridge.

How do you know if a formula is not suitable for a baby?

Often it is not possible to pick up a mixture the first time. What will testify to this?

• indigestion;

If, after eating, the child spits up a lot and ̸ or diarrhea or constipation begins, the mixture is not suitable. When there are violations, but they are insignificant, it can be left for a week. If during this time nothing changes, the diet must be changed;

• allergic manifestations.

The very first sign of an allergy is a rash (dermatitis). These can be both single elements of it, and merging spots throughout the body.

Reactions to mixtures based on cow's milk develop more often. You can replace them with a mixture based on protein hydroisolate and soy isolate or mixtures that are prepared on the basis of goat's milk;

• scarce states.

Child development iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition or other disease associated with a lack of certain substances requires the selection of a special mixture with a therapeutic effect.

Complete and adequate nutrition is the key to the harmonious growth and development of your baby!

Breast milk is the optimal nutrition for a one-month-old baby and older. Together with this product, the baby can receive the most important and useful substances, as well as the initial communication skills and, of course, motherly love.

However, due to certain circumstances, some mothers cannot breastfeed, and the newborn is transferred to an alternative diet.

Artificial feeding of a baby poses many problems for a newly-made mother: what mixture to choose, how it should be prepared and given, how much a baby should eat in the first month of life.

Artificial feeding should not be introduced just like that, at the request of a nursing mother. Not a single high-quality mixture is able to transfer to a newborn child all the necessary substances that breast milk provides.

Experts have identified several weighty reasons when adapted nutrition for newborns is necessary and even desirable.

First of all, breast milk should be tried to be restored with the help of folk remedies and medications that increase lactation.

Adaptive nutrition of newborns is carried out only if such drugs have not brought the required results.

Experts do not advise completely switching to artificial feeding if a woman has breast milk, even in a minimal amount. A few drops natural product will bring invaluable benefits to the infant.

Before switching to artificial feeding of newborns, every mother needs to know all the advantages and disadvantages of an adapted diet.

Quite often, newly-made parents switch to mixtures due to some far-fetched principles, thereby depriving children of important vitamins and minerals. minerals.

The advantages of IW are as follows:

• The newborn can be fed by the father and other close relatives. A woman is freed from every minute being next to the child and is now able to leave for quite a long time, without worrying that the baby will remain hungry (it is better, of course, not to linger for a long time).
• When breastfeeding, the mother cannot always control the amount of portions, so the child sometimes remains hungry or, on the contrary, overeats, and then burps. In addition, bottle feeding allows you to track the deterioration of health, manifested by a decrease in appetite (you can see this by the volume of the remaining formula).

• If newborns who eat mixtures begin allergic reaction, mom always has a specific "suspect". In the case of breastfeeding, a woman will have to seriously reconsider her diet and give up many foods.
• Artificial nutrition is digested for a long time (much longer than breast milk), which is why the number of meals a child can have can be reduced.

These are the advantages of adapted feeding, however, in the opinion of many experts, the disadvantages of artificial feeding are much more significant and serious.

• Children on IV are more likely to have colds, infectious diseases, allergic reactions during the first month of life and in early childhood. Doctors explain this phenomenon by the fact that the mixtures lack the most important antibodies that a mother should pass on to a baby along with milk.
• The use of containers for feeding requires their regular washing and even sterilization. If such conditions are not observed, the newborn may develop an intestinal disorder or other dyspeptic factor.
• It is quite difficult for a baby on IV to digest what is not characteristic of him. gastrointestinal tract product. This is why artisans often suffer from colic due to swallowing air.
• For long trips with a baby, mothers need to prepare and take with them a large number of items, including the dry formula itself, clean bottles, a suitable sterilizing device. That is, you have to collect a whole bag and cook food somewhere else.
• It is not always possible to immediately find the ideal mixture for newborns, so new mothers are often forced to change Various types nutrition to choose the most suitable for a particular child.
• Adapted nutrition of children requires a certain amount of money from the mother. A balanced and complete product cannot be cheap, especially since a growing baby will need a much larger amount of formula.

Thus, there are still advantages from artificial feeding, but there are more disadvantages to such a diet. That is why it is extremely undesirable to refuse breastfeeding for the sake of one's own principles, the opinion of the media and the desire to feel "freedom" in the first months of a child's life.

Pediatrician Komarovsky, who is an indisputable authority among many mothers, is convinced that breast milk is an indispensable product, despite the latest scientific and technological advances.

Breast milk contains so many essential components (antibodies, hormonal substances, digestive enzymes) that its composition cannot be surpassed for a long time. Komarovsky never tires of repeating that under any circumstances, breast milk is preferable to formula.

Artificial feeding of a child is a problem that worries many young mothers who, due to various circumstances, are not able to breastfeed their newborn.

Komarovsky suggests focusing on 2 most important axioms:

1. No mixture, even adapted, can completely replace breast milk.
2. Cow's or goat's milk is not a good product for an infant, as a balanced mixture.

Komarovsky notes a curious pattern: over the past three decades, the number of cases of food allergies or intestinal disorders in children of the first month has decreased many times (by a thousand or more times) as mothers switched from animal milk to industrial formulas.

Dr. Komarovsky convinces new mothers who cannot breastfeed that feeding their babies with diluted or whole cow or goat milk is a huge mistake. And do not listen to grandmothers who call mixtures a set of chemical reagents.

Komarovsky cites data that newborns under one year old should not be fed cow's or goat's milk. After 12 months and before three years the volume of this product should be minimal, and from preschool age a child can consume such milk in reasonable quantities.

Such restrictions are associated with an increased content of phosphorus and calcium compounds in animal milk. Such an excess of the norm of these minerals is fraught with kidney diseases and the pathological development of the musculoskeletal system.

So, you weighed all the pros and cons and decided that the baby needs artificial feeding. It is important to observe certain principles and take into account certain conditions. Among them:

• choice of adapted food;
• feeding regimen and portion size;
• baby feeding technique.

To choose high-quality products for children, you need to follow the advice of an experienced doctor. Parents are offered mixtures for full feeding healthy newborns, babies with digestive disorders, allergies and premature newborns. Let's consider them in more detail.

Adapted Blends

These products are made from cow's milk, but the volume of protein components in it is significantly reduced by the introduction of demineralized whey.

For children of the first month, you need to purchase products with primary or initial formulas. On the box with the mixture, this is indicated by the number 1, for example, "Nutrilak 1".

By 6 months, the baby should be given products with the so-called follow-up formula. They are also called less adapted mixtures. They contain more milk proteins and carbohydrate components to meet the increased energy requirements.

They differ from the previous product not in quantity, but in the quality of protein elements.

Milk protein is subjected to a special enzymatic effect, which implies bringing it to a curdled state. As a result, the mixture is close in composition to breast milk.

Due to such technological process the mixture is better digested in the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn and is more quickly absorbed. Curd ingredients form the optimal intestinal microflora, adding beneficial bacteria to the body.

Such products are indicated for feeding newborns with dysbacteriosis, stool disorder, predisposition to allergies.

Also, such artificial feeding is prescribed for a weak and premature infant.

Non-adapted mixtures

They are made from fresh or dried animal milk. The volume of protein components in their composition is significantly higher than in women's milk.

Since the main element of such products is casein, which is unnatural for newborn babies, some unsafe conditions may develop:

• violation of the intestinal microflora;
• digestive disorders;
• small weight gain in an infant;
• delayed development.

IV experts advise against giving baby under 12 months similar product. It does not meet the needs of babies and even threatens his well-being. Also, experts do not allow the use of cow or goat milk for cooking porridge.

Selection rules

If you are unable to breastfeed and it is time for an alternative product, it is best to consult a specialist for formula selection. The pediatrician, knowing the characteristics of the child's body, will recommend the most gentle nutrition.

To pick up optimal product, it is necessary to take into account certain nuances and the most important criteria.

When a child first meets a dairy product, you need to constantly monitor his reactions and behavior: see how alert he is, track his color skin, frequency and nature of feces.

It should be understood that regardless of whether you are breastfeeding your baby or he is on artificial feeding, you need to properly serve the "dish".

Before manufacturing, be sure to study the packaging in order to understand how to prepare the purchased mixture. The standard requirements for the preparation of a dry dairy product are as follows:

In some situations, you can cook several servings at once. So that the mixture does not disappear, it should be placed in the refrigerator (for a day) or in a special thermos (for up to 4 hours). Of course, if you have stored the product in the refrigerator, the mixture must be warmed up before feeding the baby.

Special heaters are sold in stores, it is also suitable for heating hot water(or tap water). Heating in the microwave is not recommended, as the product heats up too unevenly, which means that the child may be burned.

Experts identify two main ways to feed a newborn who is on artificial feeding: hourly mode and free feeding.

Clock mode

Artificial feeding must be precise. Experts often advise new mothers to adhere to the regimen, maintaining certain intervals between feedings and observing the norms in dosage.

How many times should I formula feed newborns? The number of meals per month looks like this:

• From 0 to 3 months. You cook and feed the baby every 3 hours, at night the break is 6 hours. There are about 7 feedings per day.
• From 3 to 6 months. After 3.5 hours during the day, at night you break for about 6 hours. That is, during the day, the baby will need to be fed 6 times.
• From half a year. By 6 months, the artificial baby begins to be introduced to complementary feeding. Around the same age, complementary foods are also introduced to children who are breastfed. For a grown-up baby, one feeding should be changed to porridge or mashed vegetables. Now the number of meals is 5 in 4 hours, night sleep– about 8 hours.

free feeding

Human milk and artificial formula differ in composition. If a natural product does not lead to heaviness even when frequent application to the breast, then diluted milk powder is not considered a "light" dish.

However, other experts suggest the use of partially free feeding, a method characterized by certain time feeding. The volume of the mixture in this case depends on the desire of the child, but is within specific limits.

You prepare and pour the mixture into a container about 25 milliliters larger, but food should be given at a strictly fixed time. This will allow you to more accurately determine the optimal portion size needed by the child. If he leaves the milk in the bottle, you can’t force feed.

Breastfeeding a baby is not so easy, let alone an artificial baby. In some situations, the child is not gaining weight well, in others they talk about overfeeding. That is why the mother should follow certain rules of artificial feeding.

Do not think that an artificial man needs less mother care than a naturalist. It seems that a father or other relative can give him a bottle, and a nipple can console him. However, experts recommend that mothers ensure the closest contact with the baby, hugging him to her, laying next to her.

Ideally, only the mother should feed a one-month-old baby. You should not entrust artificial feeding to the rest of the family. Let him suck the bottle only in his mother's arms, turning to face her. As soon as he falls asleep, the pacifier is removed from his mouth and put to bed.

How much formula does a newborn eat?

In a simplified scheme, the nutritional norms of an artificial person are as follows:

• in the first 10 days, the daily volume of the mixture can be calculated based on the number of days the child lives, multiplied by 70 or 80 (depending on body weight, 80 if birth weight is more than 3200 g);
• from 10 days to 60 days - the child eats up to 800 milliliters of adapted food for 7 or 8 times;
• from 2 to 4 months - the maximum volume of milk increases to 900 milliliters (or a sixth of the baby's weight).

When should the mixture be changed?

Feeding must correspond to the characteristics of the crumbs. However, not all artificial products suitable for children, so each mixture is given at first in a small volume and not for very long, carefully monitoring any reaction.

Experts advise changing the product in the following situations:

• the child does not tolerate the mixture, there is a rash, redness, regurgitation, constipation or diarrhea;
• the baby has reached certain age limits when it is required to switch to a less adapted mixture (in this case, it is advised to change the product to gruel of the same brand);
• there is a need to switch to a special medical diet (an allergic reaction, for example), and then go back to the usual product.

The transition should be sequential, observing some nuances. Enter first New Product, mixing it with the old (two thirds of the old mixture and a third of the input). Then proportionality begins to be observed, by the end of the week the child completely switches to a previously unfamiliar product.

If the mother will feed the child with a mixture, then the pediatrician can tell her everything about artificial feeding. Specialist advice is especially valuable when choosing the first product and when replacing adaptive nutrition. Although the mixture is not able to become an absolute copy of breast milk, if all the basic rules are observed, the artificial child will definitely grow up strong and healthy.

Hello, I'm Nadezhda Plotnikova. Having successfully studied at SUSU as a special psychologist, she devoted several years to working with children with developmental problems and advising parents on raising children. I apply the experience gained, among other things, in the creation of psychological articles. Of course, by no means do I pretend to be the ultimate truth, but I hope that my articles will help dear readers deal with any difficulties.

Artificial feeding can be used if the mother has no milk at all or the child for some reason cannot or does not want to drink mother's milk.

A woman who does not have milk for her child should not feel guilty. Unfortunately, modern women live in such difficult environmental conditions that cases of complete absence of breast milk are increasingly common. Sometimes milk does not appear at all at the first birth (especially if they come at a very early age). young age), but comes at the second birth.

In such a situation, it would be preferable to feed the child with donor milk for at least 3 months, but why donor milk is in most cases unavailable and unacceptable.

Feed your baby a quality formula this case more useful and reliable. The main condition for artificial feeding: the mixtures that you will use should be as close as possible in composition to mother's milk (adapted mixtures up to six months).

When breastfeeding is suddenly stopped, most infants transition to formula milk relatively easily. Sometimes indigestion appears first, in this case, consult a pediatrician. The advantage of artificial feeding is, without a doubt, that both parents can feed the baby alternately. This eases the burden on the mother, especially in postpartum period. Body contact with the baby is also not affected: just like when breastfeeding, you can pull the baby to you and give him a beneficial feeling of closeness. If, in addition, you take care of eye contact with the baby, then your relationship with him will only benefit.

Now it's up to you or your partner to prepare milk formulas. Perhaps you, like many mothers, are wondering if you are feeding your baby according to his needs. Remember that your baby is very good at letting you know when he is hungry and when he is full.

Rules for artificial feeding of a child

Remember that the daily amount of food with artificial feeding should be the same as with breastfeeding, however, the feeding regimen in this case is different. Milk formulas are absorbed more slowly than mother's milk, so the intervals between feedings should be increased (approximately 3.5 hours).

It is not necessary to give the child more food than he should receive in accordance with age and body weight. So at 2 months, the volume of the mixture you drink should average about 850 ml (for some children - 650-700 ml, for others - a whole liter), gradually increase the volume of food to 1 liter.

Although most babies are on about 1 liter of formula by the time they are introduced to complementary foods (4.5-5 months), some are doing well with less food. Here, as with breastfeeding, main indicator not the amount eaten per day, but the well-being of the child, his weight gain.

A bottle-fed baby is especially vulnerable to diseases such as obesity and metabolic disorders, so overfeeding is a real threat to his health. If the baby eats too much, then try to make the hole in the nipple smaller - perhaps the baby empties the bottle too quickly and cannot feel full during this time.

An “artificial” child must be supplemented with water or decoctions of fruits, since with artificial feeding the need for additional fluid increases.

The extra fluid helps your baby absorb formula better and relieves some intestinal problems. For example, bottle-fed babies often suffer from constipation. Especially often this happens at first when switching from breast milk to formula. Babies who have been formula fed from the very beginning absorb formula better.

Switching to complementary foods (in the form of vegetable puree or cereals) for "artificial" children should be earlier than for "naturalists", but there is also no need to rush too much. For a baby’s digestive system that has not been fully formed, especially growing on mixtures, early complementary foods can do a lot of harm. If the child eats the mixture normally and gains weight well, has normal level hemoglobin in the blood and does not suffer from rickets, there is no need to rush with complementary foods for up to four and a half months or even up to five.

If your baby has a poor appetite, start introducing complementary foods as early as four months of age. You can give him, for example, buckwheat porridge cooked according to this recipe: first prepare a decoction of apples (without salt and sugar) and cook very thin (liquid sour cream consistency or even thinner) porridge from ground cereals (which should be ground almost to flour). You can cook such a porridge on a vegetable broth, and on a diluted mixture. Cow's milk should not be given to a child for at least 10 months (after that, special "baby" milk can be given), but it is better to "hold on" without cow's milk for up to 1-1.5 years, especially if the child is allergic.

IN DISCUSSION OF FORTUNE FEEDING, we will touch on three main questions.

1. How to understand a child's desires the best way fulfill their duties in feeding.
2. What to put in a bottle.
3. Ways to keep inventory clean and in working order.

The way a newborn is fed is as important as the quality of his food. Tune in to what the baby tells you, understand what he wants, and then the baby will eat well, develop properly and have a positive attitude towards himself and the world around him. If your baby is formula-fed, use special blend for newborns. Newborns are very sensitive to nutrition, so food should be completely suitable for them. Choose a milk formula that is well digested, satisfies all the needs of the child in nutrients and does not disturb the delicate balance in his body.

Breast milk and standard formulas adequately meet these conditions. Other artificial blends such as partially fermented and blends for premature babies, are specialized and designed to meet the needs of infants requiring extra care.

Although modern formula feeding is convenient and safe, the formula technique is not to be sloppy. Water must be clean and disinfected, equipment must meet sanitary standards and be convenient for both the child and the one who feeds. Needless to say, the mixture should be prepared in strict accordance with the instructions for use.

You can better meet your child's needs if you are attentive to your own needs. You need frequent and regular visits to the doctor and an experienced teacher or assistant to help you find situational and moral support. You have a lot to adjust to, both emotionally and physically. You will have a lot to learn, and more than once you will feel puzzled and confused. Theoretical knowledge and practice are two different things. You will be anxious, but this is normal: in this state, we perceive information better. However, if you are too worried, your studies will be difficult. Ask for help, accept help and support if they are offered, and then parenting will be easy and joyful.

Child's nutritional relationships

Love and respect for the child are important components of the feeding process. And for him to be successful, you must know your baby and do what he needs. Your baby's relationship with you and the world around him, as well as his development, depends to a large extent on what happens during feeding. This process gives you the opportunity to get to know your baby better during the first months of his life. By your actions, you tell the baby that he is a significant person, that you respect him and are ready for anything to please him. Feeding also satisfies you, because it is very important for you to know that you can meet the needs of the child and make him happy.

IN infancy Establishing a positive nutritional relationship with a child depends on the sharing of responsibility:

• you are responsible for what you offer your child as food;
• he is responsible for how much to eat.

Thus, for artificial feeding to be effective, you must first choose the right formula. In choosing, focus on the needs of your child, after which you just have to follow his desires. He knows how much to eat and how often. Moreover, the child himself determines the speed and duration of feeding. Early on, your job as a parent is to understand what your baby is telling you. Feed the baby as soon as he asks (it was at this moment that the baby is fully awake, but not overexcited), feed him smoothly and continuously, paying attention to his signals about the speed, pace and duration of feeding. In other words, do everything to make the baby happy.

Artificial nutrition: overeating in children

Unlike breastfed babies, formula-fed babies often face the problem of overeating in the early days. With some babies, this is because they drink their bottle so quickly that their natural sucking instinct is not satisfied and they cry when the bottle is taken from them. Mothers often take this to mean the baby is still hungry and give them more food. Thus, the habit of overeating quickly sets in, and the child gains a lot of weight every week. If this continues, the child quickly comes to the conclusion that there is not enough milk to satisfy the appetite. However, he is still too young to be given solid food (less than six months old).

It is normal for some babies to need an extra 30 ml of milk at some feeds. However, it is necessary to pay Special attention if the child requires more than 150 ml extra every day and regularly gains more than 240 g per week. When my formula-fed babies start sucking too much, I use cool boiled water and pacifiers between feeds to satisfy their need to suck.

If you suspect that your child may be overeating, discuss the problem with your counselor or therapist.

Don't let

• excessive dilution of the formula for feeding;
• poor hygiene of the bottle leading to gastroenteritis;
• malnutrition due to recurrent infections;
• deficiency of iron and vitamins.

The choice of milk for artificial feeding

You can use cow or buffalo milk. Dry milk mixtures are acceptable for baby food, but this is too expensive an undertaking. Currently, the milk marketed under the control of government agricultural agencies is either cow's milk or modified buffalo milk.

Preparation of liquid mixtures

No need to dilute fresh cow's milk for feeding the baby. Some pediatricians for the first 2-3 months of feeding a newborn suggest preparing the following mixture: dilute 2 parts of milk with 1 part of water and add 1 tsp to 100 ml of the resulting solution. Sahara. If you use dry mixes available on the market (Lactogen, Milkcare, etc.), then you need to opt for the well-known trademark and you must strictly follow the manufacturer's instructions for preparing this product.

Milk volume required by a child per day is about 150 ml / kg of body weight and about 30 ml / kg per feeding. Of course, the number of feedings and the amount of milk consumed for different children may vary.

Feeding bottle handling

Buy at least three bottles. After each feeding, thoroughly wash the bottle and its removable parts with soap and water, using a bottle brush and a nipple brush.

After you have washed the soap bottles, take a sterilization container that can hold 3 - 4 bottles, fill it with water; put the bottles, plastic rims and nipple caps in this sterilizer, put it on the fire and bring the water to a boil. Let the sterilizer boil for 10 minutes, then put the nipples in it and let it boil for another 5 minutes. Now take it off the heat and close the lid. When the water in it has cooled, you can take out the bottle with a clean hand. Recycled bottles do not need to be washed again before use. When all three bottles have been used, the described sterilization process can be repeated. Never leave a bottle without a nipple cap.

Do not feed from a pacifier to a sleeping or lying baby.

If you put baby milk in a bottle, you must use it within 45 minutes.

Never reuse leftover milk - it favorite place bacteria breeding!

A baby is usually bottle fed six to eight times a day. If someone in the family suffers from allergies, then it is advisable to use hypoallergenic baby food. This significantly reduces the risk of developing allergies in the baby. In addition, you should opt for infant formulas (formula 1), which are closest in composition to mother's milk and do not contain additional carbohydrates in the form of sugar or starch. Initial mixtures, like breastfeeding, can be fed on demand.

From subsequent mixtures (formula 2 and 3) it is best to completely refuse. And not only because their improper preparation can cause a child to serious problems with health. These milk powders contain so much extra sugar and starch that it can easily lead to overfeeding. In the child's body, long-term body fat, which is sometimes very difficult to get rid of.

Required accessories

For formula feeding, you will need the following supplies:

• 6 bottles;
• 6 nipples with small holes;
• steam sterilizer or tall pot for boiling bottles, caps and nipples;
• bottle brush;
• 6 clean, ironed kitchen towels(Ironing reduces the number of bacteria);
• a thermos for boiled water so that you can prepare bottles for feeding on the road;
• bottle warmer;
• 8 gauze pads to protect your clothes.

During feeding, the child, along with nutrition, receives a portion of your love, attention and bodily warmth.

Formula preparation

Application baby food according to the instructions on the packaging does not cause any problems. It is only important to prepare bottles of nutrition immediately before feeding, use the reconstituted formula within an hour and do not store leftovers. So you can prevent the emergence of microorganisms dangerous to the child in the diet. In addition, bottles and nipples must be sterilized before use. To dilute the mixture, always take boiled water. Before giving a bottle to a child, check the temperature of the milk mixture - it should be approximately body temperature. By putting one drop on the inside of your wrist, you will immediately notice if the milk is too hot. In order not to heat the water every time before feeding, it is recommended to store a supply of boiled water in a clean thermos. This is practical, especially for night feedings.

Upon returning home, you continue to give the child the same formula that was fed to him in maternity hospital. If after a few days you notice that your baby is not absorbing it well, contact your pediatrician who will recommend a different milk formula.

Dry and liquid mixes. There are milk mixtures in liquid form; they do not require preparation: it is enough to pour them into a sterilized bottle. However, this product is more expensive than the powdered mix.

Heating the mixture. You can warm the formula in a water bath, in a bottle warmer, or even in microwave oven- this is not dangerous, but not always convenient: it can overheat there. Always check the temperature of the mixture by dropping on back side palm a few drops before giving it to the child so that he does not burn himself.

Dilute the mixture before use. Infant formula cannot be prepared for the future; it must be diluted immediately before use, otherwise it becomes a favorable environment for the growth of bacteria. When going for a walk or preparing for the night, pour warm water into a sterile bottle, and add the powder to it at the last moment.

Is sterilization necessary? It is not necessary to sterilize the bottles. It is important to wash your hands before preparing formula, and after feeding, wash the bottle and nipple and dry them immediately.

Average rate: 6 bottles per day. Never force a child to drink the contents of the bottle if he does not want to: if he refuses, then he is full. Typically, a 1 month old baby eats about 6 meals a day and sometimes once at night. Different types mixtures are not always drunk in the same amount and are distributed differently during the day. If your baby asks for a bottle at night, it means that his body does not yet have enough reserve that would allow him to do without night feeding. As a rule, if he does not finish the contents of the bottle to the end, then the portion is large for him; if he drinks every last drop, then you can give him some more milk formula. In principle, it is better to offer more than less than what is needed. The nightly demand for a bottle will gradually shift in time and eventually move into the morning.

Bloating

To better dilute the powder with water, you often have to shake the bottle vigorously. As a result, many air bubbles form in the milk formula, which enter the baby's tummy and cause bloating. If, after shaking, let the bottle stand for a couple of minutes, then most of the bubbles will come out. After each feeding, the baby should burp. To do this, give the baby an upright position, attach it to your shoulder and lightly pat it on the back. The swallowed air will exit through the mouth and will no longer cause painful bloating or colic.

After every feeding...

After feeding, hold your baby upright to burp. If it doesn't, give him a light pat on the back. If he moves restlessly while feeding, he may feel the need to burp. Once he does this, he will feel better and continue to drink. Don't worry if a little mixture comes out when you spit up, it means he drank too much and too fast.

Attention!

Never give your child the rest of the mixture that has not been drunk before.

Also remember that before the age of one year, the child should not be left alone with the bottle: he gnaws at choking.

If it turns out that the mother cannot breastfeed the baby, then she has to switch to artificial feeding of the child.

As a result, she has many questions. How to organize artificial feeding? How to choose a mixture? How often should an artificial baby be fed?

Today we will talk in detail about artificial feeding and try to find answers to the most important questions about how to feed an artificial baby.

Artificial and breastfeeding

As is known, breast-feeding - this is the best that a mother can give a baby - the most healthy and natural food for a child.

But there are situations when breastfeeding is completely impossible or insufficient, so artificial feeding is required.

Artificial feeding It is a forced way of feeding a child. It is recommended to use it only in cases where all attempts to organize breastfeeding have been in vain or it is contraindicated by a doctor.

Marina Shimkova, lactation consultant, lactologist, birth preparation instructor family center"ABC for parents": “I insist that initially everyone has milk. Therefore, before giving the mixture to the child, you need to try to establish lactation: contact experienced mom, lactation specialists. Often there is no such thing that there is simply no milk, everything has its own reasons that can be eliminated if you want. If it so happened that it’s not possible to breastfeed, then you have to give the baby a formula or donor breast milk. ”

Artificial feeding - this is stress for the child's body, therefore, if the mother has a little milk and there are no categorical contraindications to breastfeeding, it is necessary to put the baby to the breast and try to feed the baby with breast milk at least several times a day.

If your bottle-fed baby , do not take it as a tragedy, there is nothing wrong with this way of eating. Modern mixtures allow children to grow up healthy and strong. It is important to properly organize artificial feeding and adhere to the basic recommendations for feeding artificial children.

How to formula feed a baby?

On demand or not?

Breastfed babies are recommended feed on demand , especially this recommendation is relevant in the first months of a baby's life, when lactation is just being established. As for artificially fed children, earlier all doctors recommended feed them on schedule - Approximately every 3 hours. This recommendation was due to the fact that earlier formulas were of lower quality than today, they were much more satisfying than breast milk and took longer to digest.

Modern formulas are well adapted, which is why partially free feeding is now practiced.

Modern mixtures are well adapted , which is why it is now practiced partially. This method consists in the fact that the child is given the amount of food he wants, but within a certain norm. This method makes it possible to determine how much food the baby actually needs.

If the baby does not eat the recommended amount of formula in one feeding , do not force him, you can try to offer the child food later, perhaps the baby needs more frequent feeding but in small portions. Taking into account individual characteristics child, the number of feedings per day may vary, but the total amount of the mixture eaten should be no more than recommended.

Thus, even with artificial feeding, it is recommended to take into account the individual needs of the child.

Artificial feeding and overeating

Baby on artificial feeding much easier to overeat than a breastfed baby. Most often it has to do with what to drink. required amount milk from a bottle can be much faster than sucking it out of the chest, so the artificial baby does not satisfy his own. Because of this, he may cry after the bottle is taken from him. Many mothers regard the crying of the child in this situation as a signal that he has not eaten enough. Then the mother offers the baby more food. Doctors do not recommend giving the child more than 30 ml. extra food, this can lead to overeating and weight gain. excess weight. To help your baby satisfy the sucking reflex, offer him pacifier or a bottle of water.

To solder or not?

As you know, babies of the first month of life who are on breastfeeding , do not recommend supplementing, so that the baby more often requires breasts, and the mother's lactation improves faster. Artificial babies are recommended to offer water from the first days of life. If he doesn't want to, he doesn't need to, but he should offer.

Mixture

In organizing successful artificial feeding, it is very important to choose suitable for the child mixture

In organizing successful artificial feeding is very important. It may not work out the first time. Now there is a big variety of mixtures , it is recommended to select the mixture together with the pediatrician, taking into account the needs of the child.

When preparing the formula, keep cleanliness, prepare the mixture for only one feeding, follow the recommendations for preparing the mixture indicated on the package.

Mix quantity for one feeding depends on the age and weight of the child. The recommended amount of formula for one feeding is usually indicated on the formula packaging.

To determine the amount of formula that your child needs, you can consult with a pediatrician, as well as empirically. If the baby does not have enough of the amount of the mixture that you give him, he will definitely “tell” about it.

The main reason why constipation occurs with artificial feeding is a violation of the child's diet.

Regular and painless bowel movements in a baby indicate normal digestion. The regular stool of a child is an individual norm and can mean bowel movements both twice a day and once every two days. The popular statement that the chair should be strictly once a day is not suitable for babies - their digestive system is still unstable.

Parents' excitement

Parents should be concerned when:

• it is difficult for the child to empty the intestines;
• the process of defecation causes pain;
• the chair is dense and separated by sausage or lumps;
• stool frequency more than two days.

The guideline for the correctness of the process is the condition of the child - if the stool is rare, but painless, the baby is in a good mood and plays, grows well, the problem of constipation exists only in the minds of loving parents.

Features of the chair in infants

• stool retention for a day or more;
• separation of dense, hard and dry feces;
• defecation requiring effort;
• sensation of incomplete bowel emptying.

Having found a rare stool in a baby, mothers begin to worry, often in vain. The chair is formed by food, and the approach to assessing its regularity in a baby who uses practically perfect food- breast milk or adapted milk formula, must be different. Dr. Komarovsky constantly draws the attention of parents of babies to the fact that:

1. the more suitable the infant formula and breast milk, the better they are digested;
2. with good digestibility, there is a minimum of waste that is excreted from the body in the form of feces.

Bowel cleansing in a child depends on the age and type of feeding:

• the first bowel movement most often occurs after the first intake of food in the body, the stool is very dark in color, odorless, has a paste consistency;
• during the first days of life, the stool occurs no more than 2-3 times a day and depends on feeding - breast milk forms a yellow semi-liquid stool with the smell of milk, milk mixtures are denser masses with a characteristic odor;
• up to three months of age, painless stools once or more per day are considered the norm for a bottle-fed child;
• as they mature digestive system in children, the number of bowel movements decreases and amounts to two times a day at the age of 6 months. The stool should be soft and not have a sour or putrid odor.
• After six months, the chair should be regular, no more than twice a day. Its appearance changes after the child begins to receive more varied food. The child's stool darkens, becomes denser, has a specific smell.

In most cases, a bottle-fed child should have a stool at least once a day. The focus will be on the well-being of the child, normal set weight, no pain during bowel movements. All consultations on this subject to worried parents should be carried out with the attending pediatrician and follow his recommendations.

Constipation, types and causes

The problem with delayed bowel movements will first manifest itself in the behavior of the child. Attentive mom Pay attention to the following symptoms:

• moodiness and frequent crying;
• poor appetite;
• restless sleep;
• hard swollen tummy;
• separation of gases with the smell of rot;
• too tight stool;
• pulling the legs to the stomach;
• redness of the face, frequent attempts to push;
• screaming and crying when emptying.

Constipation in a formula-fed child can be manifested by the reverse retraction of already appeared feces into the anus.

Parents should pay attention to the structure of the stool and the presence of blood in it, consult a doctor to identify the cause of constipation and eliminate it.

The main cause of problems with stools is the imperfection of the digestive system of a child up to a year old, its immaturity - digestive enzymes will begin to be produced as they grow older. Against this background, violations of the process of digestion of food and bowel movements will inevitably be present.

Types of constipation

Depending on the cause of constipation in newborns with artificial feeding, it can be divided into:

1. physiological, which is caused by congenital disorders in the structure of the intestine and can manifest itself as the baby grows older;
2. functional, the cause of which is various disorders in the activity of the digestive tract of the newborn.

TO congenital pathologies in violation of the intestines include too long sigmoid loop, infection or congenital absence of the anus, impaired innervation of the colon (Hirschsprung's disease).

Constipation in infants can be caused by insufficient intestinal motility, which is provoked by congenital disorders nervous system child, rickets, malfunction of the thyroid gland.

Delayed bowel movements can be:

1. one-time, or acute, caused by a specific cause, after its elimination, quickly return to normal;
2. permanent, or chronic, which is manifested by long-term problems with bowel movements.

Problems with the stool that occur systematically indicate improper treatment acute constipation or the existence of problems with the diet of the baby.

Causes of the condition

Constipation in a newborn with artificial feeding is most often caused by the following reasons:

1. improper selection of a mixture for nutrition;
2. abrupt transition to a new mixture;
3. frequent feeding with different mixtures;
4. a small amount of drinking water;
5. trying to feed too early;
6. treated with antibiotics;
7. violation of the intestinal flora;
8. psychological trauma.

Quite often, children are born with physiological immaturity- they have intrauterine development due to various reasons, the innervation of the intestinal wall was not formed. As a result, a monthly child suffers from stagnation of food in the intestines, which is not yet able to contract in a timely manner and transport the food gruel to the anus. At two month old baby such a violation disappears on its own.

Violations in the selection of mixtures

Most often, constipation in children develops due to the fact that the formula for feeding the baby is not chosen correctly. If feeding with mother's milk is not possible, then the mixture that is offered to the child should be as close as possible to human milk.

According to the degree of similarity, milk mixtures are divided into three categories:

1. highly adapted;
2. little adapted;
3. limited adaptation.

High adaptation formulas are labeled with the number 1 and are most reminiscent of breast milk in composition. They are recommended for feeding children up to six months. There are formulas specially designed for feeding children with various disorders - premature babies, those with allergies to certain components of conventional formulas, etc.

From six months, you can switch to mixtures of low adaptation, and after a year - to limitedly adapted ones.

In pharmacies, mixtures of various manufacturers are presented, their cost is quite high. Selection recommendations are given by the pediatrician, but with a possible choice, the mixture should:

1. well tolerated by the child, do not cause digestive disorders, allergies;
2. produced by a company with a good reputation and reviews;
3. be constantly available (on sale);
4. ensure weight gain and development of the child.

If a child is offered a mixture with big amount fatty acids and components that the child's body cannot digest due to age - sleepless nights are provided to parents.

The mixture must be diluted and prepared strictly according to the instructions on the package; too thick food with a reduced amount of liquid will cause flatulence and constipation.

Switching to a new mixture

The transfer of the baby to a new mixture should be carried out only in case of severe necessity - if it causes intolerance or does not meet the needs of the child (he has stopped gaining weight). If the child is full, he is not worried about digestive disorders (gas, stool disorders) - nothing should be changed in the diet.

When a one-time disorder of the stool is noted, the causes of the phenomenon should be analyzed, and not in a hurry to change the mixture or reduce its amount - perhaps there is an oversight in the violation of the cooking process, or there is a disease. If the phenomenon does not go away, the baby should be shown to the doctor, and act on his recommendations.

If you still need to transfer, it is best to do this gradually, over several days, first feeding the baby, and then completely replacing feeding with a new mixture. It is considered optimal to switch to a new mixture within a week.

Constipation that occurs when switching to new food, often called false - this reaction of the body to a change in nutrition passes after adaptation. A similar reaction may occur when changing periods of feeding, when the usual conditions return, the violations disappear.

Drinking disorders

The presence of dense feces indicates a lack of water in the child's body. A. Komarovsky, in his appeals to parents, notes that for normal bowel movement, the child must receive enough water. Pediatricians believe that breastfeeding fully meets the child's needs for water, and it is not necessary to give it to infants up to 6 months in addition, an exception is made in case of illness, high temperature in room.

To prevent constipation in newborns who are nursing artificial mixtures, they need to offer some water between feedings. It is important that it is pure drinking water, not decoctions or teas.

If the baby refuses water, he does not need to be forced to drink, but it is necessary to offer a drink without fail.

An important trace element on which the activity of the intestine depends is potassium, its sources are raisins and prunes. Komarovsky recommends giving babies a decoction of raisins or prunes to prevent constipation.

Violation of the rules of feeding

Modern pediatrics has a different point of view on complementary foods than the school of Soviet children's doctors, which recommended starting feeding an infant from 2 months. This was due to many reasons, one of which is insufficient nutritional value breast milk substitutes.

Now this problem is gone, high-quality adapted mixtures allow you to introduce complementary foods when the child is ready for it. The criterion is the appearance of at least one tooth and the age of at least 6 months. All attempts to feed the child with food that he cannot digest will end in constipation, bloating and calling a doctor.

Psychological causes of constipation

Constipation during artificial feeding can be caused by psychological reasons. The child may find it hard to endure separation from his mother, which will affect his appetite and, accordingly, the process of bowel movement. After reunion, episodic constipation goes away.

Another reason psychological nature is the unpleasant experience of the child when emptying - a cold pot, bad smell from it, can cause the child's desire to endure the urge to the last, which provokes constipation. Komarovsky draws the attention of parents to the fact that the habit of regular emptying can only be developed by creating comfortable conditions for the baby.

Often the cause of untimely emptying is overfeeding the child or forced feeding. Constipation in this case is a subconscious protest reaction of the baby.

Treatment and prevention

Parents of toddlers should know what to do if a child has constipation and how to treat it. All ways of helping with this condition can be divided into several groups. This:

1. massage and laying on the baby's tummy before feeding;
2. selection of a suitable mixture for feeding;
3. treatment with lactulose preparations;
4. enemas and other mechanical methods rectal irritation.

Massage

A light massage will help stimulate the baby's bowels and improve the release of gases, soothe him. For execution massage movements You do not need to have special knowledge, they are simple and effective. First, lay the baby on the back and perform the following steps:

1. Warm warm palms stroke the tummy around the navel in a circular motion for a minute;
2. Holding the baby's feet and ankles in warm palms, bend and unbend the legs in turn at the knees, easily pressing the thigh to the tummy. You need to do such movements 5-7 times;
3. Do the same as in the previous paragraph, only with two legs at the same time;
4. To continue the massage, the baby must be turned over on the tummy on a hard, flat surface or placed on the mother's lap. With warm palms, run along the spine in the direction from the shoulder blades to the buttocks with light pressure. Carry out such movements at least 5-7 times.

Laxatives

If necessary, urgently help the baby can be applied medications. Komarovsky for recommends lactulose syrup, which is sold in all pharmacies under various commercial names (). These are not synthetic drugs, their use will not harm the child. You need to start giving syrup with small doses, as it causes increased gas formation.

Mechanical methods

Young parents often hear from grandmothers and mothers about "folk" methods of treating constipation - mechanical irritation of the rectum or mercury thermometer. Why can't this be done. These methods are quite barbaric, in addition, they form a habit from which it is very difficult to wean a baby. With constipation, cracks in the anus may occur. What should parents do in this case? Can help or sea buckthorn suppositories, which will relieve pain and speed up healing.