Urolithiasis in cats: treatment, signs, symptoms, diet, medications, medicinal food. What are the types of kidney stones and what is their difference?

Sometimes tiny crystalline particles appear in cats' urine. There are several factors that contribute to the formation of crystals in the urine, making urination difficult and painful for cats. Crystals in urine can be fatal because they cause stones to form in the bladder and cause diseases urinary tract. Stones in the urinary tract can cause a blockage in the urethra, blocking the flow of urine. Stagnation of urine, in turn, can cause the death of the cat.

Symptoms of crystals in cat urine.

The most serious cases of crystals in the urine are more common in cats than in female cats, since the male cat's urethra is narrower. The cat is experiencing severe discomfort and exhibits the following symptoms:

• urination several times a day;
• tension during urination;
• urine is not released or is not released a large number of urine;
• traces of blood are visible in the urine;
• painful and enlarged bladder;
• vomiting with loss of appetite;
• meowing near the litter box, meaning that the cat wants to urinate, but cannot do it.

Since toxic waste that accumulates in the body is eliminated through urine, urine accumulation in a cat's body can be fatal and cause death due to kidney failure.

Causes of crystal formation in cat urine.

All cats with crystals in their urine exhibit the same symptoms, which is why it is important to determine the exact cause of these symptoms through appropriate diagnostic procedures.

The reasons may be:
1. Poor nutrition.
Since the formation of crystals or stones in the urinary tract depends on the pH level in the urine and mineral composition urine, a cat's diet can either prevent or promote the formation of crystals in the urine. For example, excessive consumption of food rich in magnesium is not advisable. Much depends on the number of feedings per day.
2. Stress.
This is another factor that increases the risk of crystals forming in the urine. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the cat is not exposed to stress or injury. Stress can be caused by illness or the cat's immediate environment. Cheerful cat - healthy cat.
3. Birth defects.
Sometimes even minor ones birth defects bladder or other parts of a cat's urinary tract may increase the risk of crystals forming in the urine.
4. Cancer.
Cancers and tumors of the urinary tract have a high risk of crystal formation in the urine.
Besides stated reasons There are several other factors that influence the formation of crystals in the urine. This includes side effects medications, genetics, urinary tract infections and urinary frequency.

Diagnosis.

An external examination of the bladder can help diagnose crystals in the urine. There are also special diagnostic procedures. This is primarily a urine test, where the pH is measured and the urine is tested for the presence of bacteria. X-rays, ultrasound and radiography can also be used.

Treatment.

Most effective method treatment is determined after determining the cause.
Highlight following methods treatment for this problem:

• Antibiotics and antispasmodics.

Prescribing antibiotics is a treatment method used to combat the formation of crystals due to bacterial infection. Antispasmodics, by counteracting muscle contractions, help relax muscles and relieve pain.

• Increased water consumption.

Water thins the urine, facilitating healing.

• Diet changes.

Certain changes in your cat's diet will help maintain urine pH levels and restore balance. Eat special diets designed to dissolve crystals without the need for medicines. These diets also reduce the amount of crystal-forming compounds in the urine.

• Changes in diet.

You need to feed your cat little by little several times a day. If your cat eats once or twice a day, changes in diet may also help with treatment.
Excessive accumulation of toxins in the blood can cause serious complications, so the formation of crystals in the urine should not be ignored. In rare cases, the bladder may burst, causing urine to leak into the abdominal cavity. This condition known as peritonitis is fatal.

With urolithiasis, different types of uroliths are formed. Let's focus on one of them. Struvite in cats - what is it, how are they formed, what treatment methods are effective? We will talk about this in our new article.

If you see that your cat has difficulty urinating, that trying to urinate is accompanied by pain, and there is blood in the tray, you need to show him to a veterinarian as soon as possible. It is possible that your pet urolithiasis disease, or urolithiasis. With urolithiasis, urinary stones form due to metabolic disorders in the cat's kidneys, urinary tract and/or bladder. With different acid-base balance of urine, various salts can precipitate. The type of stone that forms in the cat’s bladder depends on what salts are deposited.

Struvite – This phosphate stones. They can be hard or loose, and the color of struvite is cream or yellow. Under a microscope, they look like an elongated prism with recognizable diamond-shaped edges. This is the most common type of stone in cats, occurring in up to 80% of cases. Struvite is soluble, which has important for the treatment of this disease in cats. These stones are also radiopaque, making them easy to visualize on x-ray and make a diagnosis.

Symptoms of struvite formation in a cat

The symptoms of struvite in your cat mirror the symptoms of urolithiasis in general. The main symptom is difficulty urinating or its absence. The number of urinations may be more or less than usual, the volume of one urination usually decreases, and blood may appear in the urine. Read more about the symptoms of urolithiasis in our article “Uurolithiasis in cats.”

Establishing diagnosis

If your cat has been diagnosed with urolithiasis, the next step in the diagnosis is to determine the type of stones and their location. Species Definition urinary stone is extremely important for further treatment. The main type of diagnosis in this case is urine analysis. The nature of changes in the acid-base balance and sediment can say a lot about what kind of stones have formed in the cat’s urinary tract.

Another type of examination is x-ray. Since struvite is radiopaque, it will be clearly visible on x-rays. To clarify the diagnosis, ultrasound is also used.

Treatment of struvite in a cat

Since struvite is soluble, the main treatment method is diet. To dissolve this type of stone, the cat's diet must contain limited amounts of protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, and the urine pH must be maintained at a certain level. It is quite difficult to independently prepare suitable food for a sick cat, however, there are lines of medicinal food for sale for cats with urolithiasis. Each type of stone has its own food, so before giving this food to your cat, be sure to consult your doctor. Giving the wrong food can make the problem worse.

Also, antibiotics are usually used to treat struvite in cats, since the appearance of these stones is usually accompanied by a urinary tract infection.

More about treatment different types urolithiasis can be read on our website in the above-mentioned article “Uurolithiasis in cats.”

Prevention of struvite formation in cats

Prevention of the formation of struvite in particular and urolithiasis in general consists mainly in balanced diet(it’s better if it’s good ready-made food) and clean water. To monitor your cat's condition, you need to take a urine test every six months.

Pathologies of the urinary system are a real scourge of old cats. Typically, speech is in this case We are talking about cystitis and nephritis, but struvite is often found in the urine of a cat. This is the name for stones in the bladder and kidneys, mainly formed by ammonium phosphates. Also, stones of this type may be based on magnesium salts.

However, “Struvite” in veterinary practice often refers to all stones all depending on their chemical nature. In principle, this is partly true, since the cat itself does not really care what exactly causes him unbearable suffering when urinating.

Note that salts of magnesium, calcium and other elements are, in general, fairly “typical” elements of animal urine. Problems begin when there is too much of them, and urine turns into a supersaturated solution in which dissolved salts may precipitate forming stones. As a rule, pathology develops in animals between the ages of five and seven years.

The reason for the appearance of struvite is quite simple - the appearance of urine with a pronounced alkaline reaction. Very often this happens to animals that receive poor quality nutrition - for example, the same dry food of low quality. There is evidence that the formation of stones is promoted by long-term use of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. What other causes of pathology exist?

Remember! Long-term and constant retention of urine can lead to the same outcome (although this is more typical for dogs - they rarely pee in the litter box), as well as infectious and cancerous diseases of the urinary system.

Some pets with bladder stones do not show any signs of pathology for a long time. General symptoms include: (due to constant irritation of the mucous membrane of the organ), while the pet is very tense, urine comes out either in a thin stream, or even in the form of a few drops. Cats are characterized by uncontrolled urination; the animal begins to urinate at any time and anywhere. Cloudy or (pictured) thirst is also common, and significantly increased thirst is often observed.

Pathology of the urinary system, and primarily urolithiasis (UCD), will occupy one of the first places in the frequency of visits to veterinary clinics. Urolithiasis (UCD), along with diseases cordially- vascular system, tumors and traumatic lesions, is the main cause of death in cats aged 1 to 6 years.
Urolithiasis (urolithiasis), a systemic, often chronic disease, characterized by the formation of sand and stones (urolithiasis) in the urinary tract, in particular in the bladder, and manifested by dysuria, pollakiuria, ischuria, urinary colic, periodic hematuria and crystalluria.

REASONS (ETIOLOGY) OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF URINOLOGICAL DISEASE
Urolithiasis is a polyetiological disease of the whole organism. Its development is influenced by both endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) factors. Most often, urolithiasis is registered between the ages of one and six years. Due to the anatomical features of urolithiasis (UCD), cats are more often affected than cats. An increase in the number of cats with urolithiasis occurs in the autumn-spring period. The increase in urolithiasis in recent years is associated with changes in diet (intensive consumption of low-quality dry food), a sedentary lifestyle, and the import of new breeds of cats that do not adapt well to our climatic conditions, deteriorating environmental conditions, chronic urinary tract infections in cats.

EXOGENIC FACTORS
1.Climatic and geochemical conditions
At high temperature air diuresis (formation primary urine, carried out in the renal glomerulus and consisting in its filtration) is reduced, urine becomes more concentrated, and with an increase in ambient temperature, diuresis is increased. The qualitative composition of air, water and soil also affects the incidence of urolithiasis. If the water consumed by animals is oversaturated with lime salts, then the acidity of the urine decreases accordingly, which contributes to the excessive accumulation of calcium salts.

2.Dietary conditions
The concentration of urea in the animal’s urine directly depends on the protein content in the animal’s diet. Excessive protein content in cat food (beef - 16.7%, chicken - 19%, fish - 18.5%, cottage cheese - 16.7%), with impaired purine metabolism (the end product of purine metabolism is uric acid), leads to development of uric acid urolithiasis in cats. A decrease in protein content has a positive effect, as it helps to reduce the amount of substrate favorable for the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Lactic acid diet and vegetarian diet contribute to the development of alkaline urolithiasis.

3.Hypovitaminosis of vitamin A
Insufficient vitamin A content in the body contributes to the development of urolithiasis in cats and is associated with insufficient intake of vitamin A-containing foods (vegetable oil, carrots) into the body. Vitamin A deficiency is also observed with sufficient vitamin A content in cat food, which is due to impaired absorption of the gastrointestinal tract ( gastrointestinal tract), as well as the inability of the liver to process beta-caratine into retinol (Vit. A). Hypovitaminosis of vitamin A in animals has a negative effect on epithelial cells urinary tract.

ENDOGENOUS FACTORS
1.Hormonal imbalance
The level of calcium in the blood is regulated by the hormone of the parathyroid glands (parathyroid hormone), the hypofunction of which leads to a decrease in the concentration of calcium in the blood of the animal. Excessive release of the hormone causes an increase in calcium levels in the urine and blood. Parathyroid hormone, on the one hand, increases the release of phosphorus and reduces its reabsorption in the renal tubules, on the other hand, it causes an increased release of calcium salts from the bone tissue of the animal’s body. The loss of phosphates leads to the removal of phosphorus compounds from the bones, which are also calcium salts; accordingly, calcium is released, thereby increasing its concentration in the urine and blood.

2.Anatomical features
The specific structure of the urethral canal, which has the shape of a narrow long tube with an S-shaped bend (in front of the penis bone), where urine is inhibited, creates conditions for the deposition of crystals. Due to castration in early age the urethra may have a small diameter, which also contributes to the formation of stones.

3. Gastrointestinal dysfunction
Pathology of digestion and absorption nutrients, which is facilitated by chronic gastroenteritis and colitis, leads to a change in the acid-base balance, because calcium excretion from the intestines decreases.

4.Infection
Penetration of an infectious agent into the urinary system is possible in three ways:

hematogenously- from distant sources
lymphogenous- from the reproductive organs and intestines
upward path- from urethra

Urolithiasis and infections affect each other. The calculus causes structural changes and prevents the passage of urine, creating conditions for the development of new populations of microorganisms. On the other hand, the presence of infection in the urinary system increases the likelihood of stone formation.

TYPES OF MAIN STONES FORMED IN CATS:
Struvite(trivalent phosphates)
Oxalates(oxalic acid salts)

The development of urolithiasis in cats occurs differently than in humans and dogs. The reason for the formation and precipitation of struvite is not balanced diet feeding cats, excess magnesium and phosphorus in food, which leads to changes in urine acidity. Predisposing factors for the appearance of insoluble compounds in urine are also: genetic predisposition animal, improper cat lifestyle: inactivity, overweight(obesity), infectious and general diseases.
Domestic cats, descended from ancestors living in conditions of water scarcity, have a good balance of fluid in the body. They are capable of producing urine with a fairly concentrated sediment. This ability can become a major factor in the development of urolithiasis in cats. The diameter of the urethral lumen in cats is three times less than in cats, respectively, the frequency clinical manifestations Urolithiasis is much more common in cats.
Feeding dry food does not contribute to the onset of urolithiasis if the animal has constant access to fresh and clean water, and most importantly, drinks sufficient quantity water.
Oxalates in urine sediment in cats are less common. Males and cats over 8 years of age are more susceptible. The reason is acidification of urine by substances included in the feed, etc.
Uroliths(crystals in urine) are formed when the following reasons:
- Urine contains chemical components from which it is formed. urolith (urinary stone). Wherein increased concentration These components make it impossible to dissolve them, which contributes to the loss of crystals that collect in microstones.
- Abnormal pH (acidity) of urine, often alkaline.
- Rapid formation of crystals, which does not allow them to be washed out of the urinary tract with separated urine.
- Presence of a matrix or nucleus (cell remains, bacteria, foreign bodies) around which crystals form
- Pathogenic microflora predisposes to urolithiasis (insoluble mineral compounds are synthesized during the life of microorganisms)

DEVELOPMENT OF URINOSIS DISEASE. DIAGNOSTICS
Struvite or oxalates, when precipitated, form crystals in the form of sand and stones. Passing through the urethra with urine, the crystals injure it, thereby causing pain, inflammation and bleeding. There is an increase in urination, which becomes painful, very often there are traces of blood in the urine or the urine is colored Cherry color. Next, small stones or several grains of sand get stuck in the urethra, creating a plug there, thereby making the outflow of urine from the bladder very difficult, the cat urinates drop by drop, and often the urine stops flowing completely. More urine accumulates in the bladder than comes out; accordingly, the bladder overflows, which in turn affects general condition cat or cat. The animal becomes inactive, stops eating and drinking, and constantly tries to urinate. The kidneys continuously continue to secrete urine, and it does not matter whether the animal drinks or not, urine continuously flows into the bladder, thereby stretching it to a size comparable to a tennis ball (normally, the bladder is no larger than a walnut). Then the animal's condition rapidly deteriorates. Due to overstretching of the bladder, the walls burst blood vessels , blood pours into the lumen of the bladder, urine enters the body’s circulatory system, thereby intoxication occurs. Then vomiting, trembling, and convulsions appear - these symptoms indicate severe poisoning by substances that make up the urine. External manifestation The disease depends on the shape, size and location of the stones. The disease may not manifest itself externally if the stones do not clog the lumens of the urethral canal and do not have sharp edges that would cause mechanical damage to the mucous membrane. Sometimes, when carrying out visual diagnostic methods, animals were found to have large stones
, more than two cm in diameter. The formation time of such a stone is at least one and a half years. However, during this period, no complaints or signs of illness were observed. Suspicions of urolithiasis appear only when there is difficulty urinating, in which the animal strains, often takes an appropriate position, and urine is released in a very weak stream, often with blood, at times interrupted or completely stopped. Urine often contains fine sand. An overfilled bladder indicates urinary retention, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate veterinary attention. Diagnosis of urolithiasis in cats is made on the basis of the clinical picture, analysis of the collected anamnesis and the study of salt sediment in urine. additional information the location, shape, size and number of stones can be obtained using x-ray examination and ultrasound examination(ultrasound). Urinary stones consist of a framework formed by protein or other organic substances, and crystals of various salts located around it. There are several methods for determining the composition of urinary stones: crystallographic examination, polarization microscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis stones

FORECAST
With timely treatment and qualified assistance from a veterinarian, the prognosis is usually good. According to statistics, urinary retention for more than 4 days leads to the death of every second cat. With earlier treatment, treatment results are much better. If all recommendations are followed, relapses of urolithiasis are practically not observed.

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF URILOSIS DISEASE OF CATS
Since urolithiasis is a severe polyetiological metabolic disease, its treatment requires a complex set of therapeutic and preventive measures.
Animals with urolithiasis require both conservative and surgical treatment methods. Success in the treatment of urolithiasis largely depends on timely diagnosis and measures taken. However surgical intervention relieves the animal only of the stone, but not of urolithiasis as a whole. Conservative treatment of urolithiasis requires a long time and must be carried out before surgery, during the postoperative period and for a long time after surgery.
Primary therapeutic measure for urolithiasis is to ensure adequate urine outflow and restore patency of the urethra. To do this, bladder catheterization is performed under general anesthesia. The impossibility of catheterization is an indication for surgical intervention. Usually surgical treatment in case of urolithiasis, it is performed using the epicystostomy method: in this case, the bladder is opened and cleaned, then a temporary catheter is placed on the abdominal wall to empty the bladder. Intensive treatment is carried out for 4-14 days, after which the catheter is removed and the cat continues to live a full life. Usually, all operated cats with urinary retention of 3 days or less recover.

Conservative treatment urolithiasis is indicated for small stones and sand that can pass away spontaneously; when the stone does not cause a disturbance in the outflow (passage) of urine; presence of chronic infection; after surgical removal urolith, in order to prevent relapse.
Conservative treatment includes a number of therapies that are used in combination:
- Analgesic and antispasmodic
- Anti-inflammatory (antibacterial)
- General strengthening
- Diet therapy

Surgical treatment urolithiasis is indicated in case of prolonged strangulation of a calculus, accompanied by signs of urinary stagnation; the presence of a calculus that is unable to pass away on its own, complicated by pain, macro- and microhematuria; state of severe intoxication; the presence of a concomitant infection, as indicated by a rise in body temperature to 40 C. Contraindications to surgical treatment of urolithiasis are diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory and liver failure, and cerebrovascular accident.
During the treatment of urolithiasis, it is also necessary to correct and maintain the normal functioning of all body systems, namely: intensively combat intoxication and replenish the loss of blood and fluid, monitor the function of the kidneys and heart. This entire set of problems is solved by competent infusion therapy (drips) in combination with additional studies of urine, blood and cardiac function.

Treatment and prevention (including medical nutrition) are prescribed to each animal individually by a veterinarian, after conducting a set of studies (clinical examination, laboratory diagnostics, ultrasound).

The goal of prevention is to prevent the occurrence of the disease, timely identification of the danger of stone formation and its elimination.
Recommended:
- Abundant giving liquid to increase daily diuresis (tea, chamomile decoction, mineral water)
- Decrease body weight, this is achieved by reducing caloric intake
- Security unchanged functioning of the digestive tract. In case of constipation, the use of laxatives that do not cause a shift in the balance of electrolytes
- Non-admission hypothermia of the animal
- Choice diets are carried out depending on the type of stones that caused the disease.

DIET FOR OXALATE STONES (OXALATES)
The diet prescribed for oxalate stones should limit the intake of oxalic acid, a large amount of which is found in the liver, kidneys, tea and other products. The consumption of foods rich in calcium (milk, cheese, cottage cheese, etc.) is limited. It is necessary to include in the diet foods with a predominance of alkaline valences, such as beets, cauliflower

, legumes, etc. We recommend foods rich in magnesium (rice, peas, boiled meat and fish, cereals and vegetables). Canned medicinal food for cats Hill's Prescription Diet Feline X/D. Dry and canned medicinal food Eukanuba Oxalate Urinary Formula.
Sick animals with phosphaturolithiasis are prescribed a regimen that promotes the oxidation of urine, converting it from an alkaline reaction to an acidic one. If possible, it is necessary to exclude products with a high content of calcium compounds (milk, cheese, cottage cheese, eggs (yolk), curdled milk, etc.). Recommended: boiled beef, veal, egg (white), rice, carrots, oatmeal (in small quantity), liver, cabbage, fish (eel, pike). Canned and dry medicated food for cats Hill's Prescription Diet Feline S/D, for the prevention of struvite formation Hill's Prescription Diet C/D.

Dry and canned medicinal food Eukanuba Struvite Urinary Formula.
When using dietary rations, it is necessary to take into account some nuances. The acidifying effect of feed on urine can be either excessive or insufficient. Therefore, repeated urine tests are required during treatment. All medicated foods have contraindications, so before giving them to your pets, you should consult a veterinarian. Manufacturers of cat food do not recommend combining ready-made dry or canned food with natural (homemade) food. It is strictly forbidden to mix ready-made food with porridge or other products in a cat’s feeding bowl. The cat should always have access to fresh, clean water (preferably filtered). The basis for the prevention of urolithiasis in cats - a balanced diet and prevention of obesity. Avoid long-term use
monotonous foods rich in salts (fish, milk, various seafood, mineral supplements, etc.), as well as hard drinking water. The diet is enriched with vitamins, and when feeding a pet dry food, food marked “for castrated animals” or “for the prevention of urolithiasis” is used.

Professional food and premium food, such as Hills, Eukanuba, Royal Canin, have a good preventive effect.

Unsatisfactory results were observed after feeding with Whiskas, Doko, Dr. Clauders (Doctor Clauders), Darling (Darling).

In addition, the belonging of a stone to a certain group presupposes the prescription of a specific diet.

Classification

Stones are formed from a mixture of minerals and organic substances. Modern medicine offers four main groups of kidney stones:

– Oxalates and phosphates. This is the most common category of education. Stones are diagnosed in 70% of patients diagnosed with urolithiasis. The basis of formations of inorganic origin are calcium salts.

– Struvite and phosphate-ammonium-magnesium stones. This type of stones occurs in 20% of patients. The cause of the formations is diseases of the urinary tract of an infectious nature. That is why they are called infectious.

– Urats. Diagnosed in 10% of all patients. The cause of the appearance is excess uric acid and some pathologies of the digestive tract.

– Xanthine and cystine stones. Quite rare formations. Occurs in 5% of patients. Experts associate their appearance with congenital pathologies and genetic disorders.

It is quite difficult to detect stones that are pure in composition; half of the patients are diagnosed with mixed type formations.

What are kidney stones?

There are quite a lot of classification criteria.

1. By quantity: half of the patients are diagnosed with single stones, often one has to deal with the formation of two or three stones in the kidneys, the least a rare case There are also multiple formations in the kidneys.
2. By location in the body: unilateral and bilateral.
3. Shape: round, flat, with edges, spikes, coral-shaped.
4. By size: the size of the formation can vary from the eye of a needle to the size of the entire kidney cavity.
5. According to the location: stones form in the kidney, bladder or ureter.

Types of Kidney Crystals

The most common classification of solid formations according to chemical composition. If earlier doctors assumed that the formation of stones was associated with the quality of water that the patient drinks, the climate and geographical features of the area where he lives, today there are many supporters of a different hypothesis among specialists. It is generally accepted that the process of urolithiasis begins in the body when the ratio of salts and colloids in urine is disrupted.

The classification of stones by chemical composition is as follows:

• oxalates – formed from salts of oxalic acid;
• phosphates – formed from calcium phosphate;
• urates – the main component is uric acid salts;
• carbonates – formed from calcium salts of carbonic acid;
• struvite - formed from ammonium phosphate.

Classification of stones by chemical composition

In addition, it is necessary to isolate stones of organic origin. These include:

• cystine and xanthine;
• cholesterol;
• protein.

Did you know that open stone removal operations are being replaced by more gentle ones? surgical methods treatment? , surgical and conservative treatment, as well as the causes of stone formation.

Recipes herbal infusions for various kidney diseases you will find.

Urats

The main feature of urates is their ability to appear in a variety of places in the urinary system.

The age of the pathology varies from 20 to 55 years.

The patient’s age directly affects the location of the stone in the body.

In children and elderly patients, urates are formed in the bladder; in middle-aged people, stones are diagnosed in the kidneys and ureter.

Among the main factors influencing the formation of urates, experts identify:

• poor water quality;
• unfavorable environmental situation;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• metabolic disorders;
• unhealthy diet: excess of sour, salty foods, as well as fried foods;
• lack of B vitamins.

The shape of the stones is round, the surface is smooth, the structure is loose. The color range varies from yellow to brown.

Treatment of stones involves the elimination inflammatory process. Therapy also involves prescribing nutritional therapy and taking medications.

Urates or uric acid kidney stones are characterized by their ability to dissolve quickly, which is why patients are prescribed drinking plenty of fluids and a course of treatment with medicinal herbs.

Considering that urates are a fairly common type of stones and the pathology can appear at any age, experts recommend sticking to elementary rules healthy image life: move and eat a balanced diet.

Such preventive measures will help avoid problems with stones in the future.

Struvite

These formations belong to the category of phosphate stones.

The formations contain ammonium magnesium phosphate and carbonate apatite.

Struvite can form only in an alkaline environment affected by infection.

Thus, the main reasons for the formation of struvite stones are:

• alkaline urine reaction;
• the presence of certain bacteria in the urinary tract.

Struvite is characterized by its ability to quickly increase in size, filling the entire cavity of the kidney and causing complications such as sepsis and acute renal failure. It is also worth noting that struvite tends to form in women.

During therapy, it is important that the smallest particles of stones leave the body. Otherwise, the disease will reappear.

Cystine stones

Enough rare view stones, the formation of which is caused by a genetic pathology - cystinuria.

Children and young people are most susceptible to the development of cystine stones.

The main component of the stone is amino acid.

Doctors call the main feature of the symptoms of the disease constant pain, even after taking painkillers.

Treatment of the pathology is as follows:

• changing the acidity of urine with citrates;
• special diet;
• drug treatment;
• crushing stones;
• surgery if conservative therapy is ineffective.

In some cases, the only way to cure the patient is a kidney transplant.

Mixed stones

They are formed mainly as a result of long-term use of certain medications.

The stones combine the characteristics of salt and protein kidney formations.

Treatment in this case is determined individually in each clinical case depending on the test results obtained and the severity of the disease.

From the author

Five secrets to healthy kidneys.

1. Movement and active lifestyle.
2. Proper nutrition.
3. The kidneys should be warm.
4. Prevent illness: drink kidney infusions, brew half a glass.

And, of course, do not self-medicate. In this situation, any rash act can aggravate the problem.

Video on the topic

I had no idea that kidney stones come in so many varieties. And each type of stone has its own reason. You need to see a good doctor who will make the correct diagnosis and prescribe treatment that will help with specific form stones

• If you have not yet gone to the doctor with the question of what type of kami you have, then I warn you in advance that no one will determine this for you, the doctor will prescribe 2 or 3 drugs for good luck. different types stones so that during the intake process you can guess which one you should drink. And you will never find out what stones you have from your doctor. But the theory described above exists, but doctors do not use it in practice, at least in a simple clinic. Ha ha ha. …..Thank you to the authors for the article, it’s good.

  • Nina, what kind of heresy are you talking about? The doctor sends the patient to a biochemical laboratory, where the composition of the stone will be determined. After this, an appropriate diet is prescribed. Doctors are no more stupid than you, believe me))