Dolls amulets of different peoples of the world. Traditional dolls of the peoples of the world

Toys were born in labor, and everywhere folk craftsmen studied with one teacher - nature, worked with the same natural materials. Kinship makes them generally understandable to everyone, and this is one of those threads that connect a person with the heritage of world culture from childhood.

The set of myths associated with this character is fundamental to understanding the figures modeled and painted by the potters. Lima Filho analyzes the myth of how Kiniksiv, creating everything that exists, describes how land plants made confusions with flowers and leaves and how Karaca wove patterned rugs and made the earth softer. Similarly, Maria Geluana Fenelon Costa describes the benefits that Kinsisi received for Karay as the light of the sun, moon and stars, the axe, the canoe, besides the ornaments taken from Sibury or the vulture king.

Kokeshi Kokeshi is a wooden doll without arms and legs. The Japanese make such beauties from cherry, dogwood, birch or maple and decorate them with paintings. On a lathe, the master grinds a cylindrical body and head and connects them together. Rarely, but it happens that such Japanese dolls are made from one whole piece of wood. To make the doll beautiful, traditional Japanese flower and plant motifs are painted on it in red, black, yellow or crimson colors.

Lima Filho also presents one of the versions of the myth published by Aitai, in which the central character will be Tainahak, who cuts the hair of the Hirenya bird and puts an urum in his eyes to decorate it. Already Donahue Jr. describes the myth of Tainahak, who descends from the sky and becomes new, all adorned with bracelets and necklaces, with a body written in ganipapo, to marry and teach Karaju gardens. Already in the myth of the origin of the rainbow or the flood, Aitai reports how rain in the form of a mythical character was found by Karaya in a pit, and after asking the old man who smoked a pipe, he takes coal and begins to paint the pipes with coal and ash.

The birthplace of the first kokeshi dolls is Tohoku, the northeastern agricultural region of the country. If you look into the past of kokeshi, you can find there several versions of the appearance of this souvenir toy. The first version is mystical. It says that kokeshi originated from shaman figurines for summoning spirits, patronizing the silk craft.

Karimsama, a ceramist from the village of Buridina, told a version of how Karaya acquired the knowledge of painting with the main character, the mythical hero Kinysiwe. The achievement of things by the mythological hero comes from relationships with creatures and animals. Inspired by this observation, André de Amaral Toral argues that.

Investments and changes in body painting and drawing over nearly a century of records seem to be explained by the ideas contained in the myth. With the final contact and everyday friendship with the Brazilian population, the design has undergone significant changes, especially if we think about the adaptations made for application in artifacts that have started to be produced for sale.

The second version is sad. Getting rid of newborn children whom parents could not feed, kokeshi were placed in peasant houses as funeral pupae. This is where these Japanese dolls got such a meaning as "forgotten child". Usually, the killed newborns were girls, who were much less valued in a poor peasant family than boys. That's why kokeshi always portray girls.

In this sense, it is interesting to note that we can visualize two systems of representation available to the Karaj artist to inspire their creations: the traditional world and the world that comes from interethnic communication. The worlds are intertwined in the process of cultural reproduction. Karadja dolls are made from this intercultural context.

The world of ancient times can be maximized by the mythical representation of Koboi, the chief of all, and a variety of characters and magical creatures such as Waritsy, Kinshishi, Teribre, Shiburi, Taina, Akni Ayni, Iyaso and others. In the ritual of male initiation, known as Hetohoki or big house, people are also divided into top people, bottom people, and people in the middle, and in the spatial arrangement of the ritual houses there is also a small house, a big house, and the house of Aruanan, who is always in the middle of them. Therefore, the location of the villages of Caraja makes sense in one place or another in relation to Araguay, as well as the location of residential buildings, cemeteries, ritual houses in accordance with the symbolism inherent in the culture of Caraja.

The third version is joyful. One day in the 17th century, the wife of the shogun (military ruler of the country) came to Tohoku, where there are many hot springs. She dreamed of a child, but could not conceive him. After visiting the healing waters, the woman became pregnant and gave birth to a wonderful girl. In tribute to this joyful event, Tohok craftsmen created a doll, which later began to be made in different regions of the country.

The myths cover very diverse topics, such as the origin, destruction and renewal of Karaj, the origin of agriculture, deer and smoke, the origin of rain, the origin of the sun and moon, the origin of the Aruans, women warriors, the origin of the white man, women and alligators, the origin of the rainbow, the flood, pyracus, the feat of two brothers, among many others. Typically, these myths are associated with rituals and social themes such as gender relations, marriage, shamanism and political power, sickness and death, kinship, plantations, fishing, jewelry, and contact with the white.

Nenets dolls Dolls have long been associated with otherworldly forces, they possessed a certain energy. It is not customary for the Nenets peoples to draw eyes, nose, ears on dolls, since the doll is not alive and cannot be seen, otherwise it can take away the soul of a child. It was believed that, having acquired human features, the doll could come to life and scare the baby.

The karat ritual structure has two great rites as references: the male initiation rite, the Hetohoki and the Feast of Aruana, which represent yearly cycles based on the rising and falling waters of the Araguaia River. Among other smaller rites, the collective fishing of timbo, the honey festival, the fish festival, the ceremonies associated with menarche, among others, were included in the great rituals of Aruana and Hetohoki.

These three cosmological levels must be in balance to keep life in society safe. All actions of rituals, shamans and traditional and ritualistic leaders are aimed at maintaining the stability of the cosmic building. Thus, from the point of view of the preservation of the time of the ancients, cyclic, self-reproducing kobo, closing the passage to a linear account of time and space, are examples of traditional designs and forms of dolls.

The northern peoples held dolls in high esteem, they showed remarkable creativity in their manufacture. Nenets girls were married early. It was considered a good sign when the bride brought a lot of dolls to her husband's house (it happened up to a hundred pieces) - this meant that there would be many children in the family.

As already mentioned, there is an ethnographic repetition of the division that Karaca makes between the three cosmological levels: sky, water and earth. Ends at the same point. Hence the numerous standards of Coe-Coe and Uravo. These traditional patterns are also reproduced in karakh dolls. André de Amaral Toral points to this interesting ability of a creative movement that goes back to the world of cultural reproduction of the "ancients", myths, cyclical time, tradition, but also receptive to historical time, contacts and innovations.

Sick children were allowed to play with combed linen dolls. According to legend, the disease went into flax, after which the doll had to be burned. Any handmade toy is endowed with the energy of the person making it. A loving mother, making a doll, puts a piece of her soul into it. Maybe that is why the Nenets dolls were not only considered, but actually were a talisman for children.

From this perspective, Campos argues, tradition must be understood dynamically and with room for flexibility: Creating a new style does not mean abandoning secular practices, especially since it includes the same production technology. a continuity that includes change and in turn creates new traditions.

Communal Art and the Uniqueness of Artistic Expression: Patterns, Variations and Prestige. Man invests in things, and things invest in him. Karaca blends the pleasure of drawing and creating with collective memory. Often they scratch graphics on the floor as they talk and describe how to make a doll, scenes that are observed and copied by their granddaughters, especially those who live in their homes. Similar to the modeling of dolls and the forms they take on, the learning of painting takes place in extended families and is characterized by ludic in the process of socialization.

Netsuke - toys, amulets or works of art. Authentic Japanese netsuke are made from natural ivory. When and where did the first netsuke appear - two questions that have been the most controversial and discussed among lovers of Japanese antiques for several decades. The most common version is that netsuke was invented in the land of the rising sun in the sixteenth century.

Playing with dolls and repeating patterns on the floor at the same time allows you to explore the social roles and mythology of Karaj. The uniqueness of the ceramist's art stems from her creativity in the combination of traditional patterns with each other and the ability with which graphics are applied to the dolls and the precision of the traces. This ability and creativity in the application of graphics is identified by the members of the group, who classify the ceramists as "good" potters in expressing their assessments. Thus, they recognize their singularity as artists in the group of those who are able to carry out the craft, but whose work is not individualized.

The most common children's play doll is the haircut. It was made from cut grass. When a woman went to the field, she took the child and, so that he could play with something, she made a grass doll for him. Often such a doll was used for medicinal purposes. When a child was sick, medicinal herbs were woven into such a doll. And when the child played with her, the smell of grass had a healing effect on him.

In this context of knowledge production and crafts, people identified as karaja identify and name those ceramists who best meet the characteristics defined by traditional knowledge. These considerations are confirmed by the statements of Darcy Ribeiro.

He speaks of public art. This community art is the largest community of indigenous peoples. That which gives them the image of the visible from themselves, their beauty, severity and dignity. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish three elementary functions: the differentiation of the world from people, controlled by cultural behavior, which is built from the animal world, driven by innate, inevitable and uncontrollable impulses. This is the differentiation of this ethnic community from all others, the provision of a mirror in which it sees itself and contrasts with the ethnocentric image of other peoples.

Bogorodsk toys According to one of the legends, Sergius of Radonezh became the first to make wooden toys to give them to children. One way or another, the development of folk craft in the village of Bogorodskoye was greatly influenced by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery with its developed carving and well-established sales of wooden toys.

In the indigenous world, it exists for the ethnologist who looks, recognizes, and reaps "artistic" objects; not so much for the Indians who have them, but for their use along with everyone else. Therefore, the pottery is in the fusion of two movements, from which consequences flow for the demarcation of his place in the group. On the one hand, by reproducing the patterns handed down to her by tradition, she contributes to the continuity of the assertion of Karaj's identity and takes her traditional role as a representative of the symbolic world.

The place defined by gender relations in which "doll families" use traditional graphic patterns and represent children with these "families" is an affirmation of their role in conveying knowledge about the constitution of the core of the Karaja family, the life cycle, and the graphic and formal elements belonging to community knowledge.

Filimonovskaya toy According to legend, the village was named after the potter Filimon, who was the first to discover high-grade clay deposits here. Toys were made mainly by women, and men were engaged in the manufacture of dishes. All the techniques of modeling and painting were passed down from generation to generation - from grandmother to granddaughter.

On the other hand, the relationship between tradition and creativity suggests that the ceramist has flexibility in the use of graphics applied to ceramics. Claiming their dolls at the expense of others, the money that goes to their families and not others, and their greater purchasing power for manufactured goods are some of the elements that point to a possible configuration of power and gender relations outside the traditional Karaj view. But the characteristic of a good ceramist goes beyond the formal characteristics of the artifact he produces and the quality and creativity of the drawing.

Dymkovo toy Dymkovo toy man-made art. Each creation of one master. From modeling to painting, the process is creative, never repeating. There are no and cannot be two identical products. Each toy is unique and unique. The most common plots are: nannies with children, water carriers, rams with golden horns, turkeys, roosters, deer and, of course, young people, buffoons, ladies.

The difference resulting from the classification as a good ceramist relates the size of the production of the artifact to the type of circulation of these goods in the external consumer market. In a way, it is the relation of internal political affiliation to the village and the ceramist's kinship with the local leadership that gives visibility to his work beyond being attributed to Ritksoko as child's play. It is this visibility that gives legitimacy and enhances the formal characteristics of a drawing created as "well done", "beautiful".

Since the potters do not speak Portuguese at all and rarely spread outside their villages without a male presence, the blood circulation of the artifacts depends on the intermediation of men. In this sense, the artifact signals traditional gender roles.

Two years ago I began to collect a collection of dolls in costumes of the peoples of the world from Deagostini. Porcelain dolls (practically for one person) plus a small magazine-accompanying came out once every two weeks. As a result, 60 issues were published, and the releases ceased. Although there are clearly not enough pupae in this collection. As they say, for the sake of completeness. It could have been more, but alas...
This is the collection I have.

"Good ceramist" then condenses into doll modeling and painting, reproduction of myths and history modeled in the clay of everyday scenes, signals the social network of belonging and materialization? as a result of the production and consumption of goods? a new position in the context of internal relations with the countryside.

This conclusion makes us think about the tension between the sexes. Men are socialized to be good oral performers practiced in ritual spaces, strengthening leadership and strengthening a network of solidarity among male relatives, as opposed to male relatives by affinity: relatives and relatives of relatives. Women precede the male decisions made in the men's homes in their local divisions and have their own growing prestige as they grow older, becoming grandmothers and especially shamans.

Below I will give the dolls in more detail ...

So,
Finland, Norway, Russia (winter), Russia (summer), Ukraine.
She borrowed Russia and Ukraine, however, in another collection of Deagostini dolls - dolls in folk costumes (where the peoples of Russia were produced).

India, Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, China.

North America, Greenland, Alaska, Iceland.

Normandy, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden.

Austria, Bavaria, Provence (France), Bremen (Germany), Catalonia (Spain)

Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Hungary

Chile, Cuba, Brazil, Mexico, Portugal.

Montenegro, Scotland, Turkey, Greece, Croatia.

Mali, New Zealand, Morocco, Egypt.

These are the magazines attached to them with a brief history of the country and a description of the costume ...

It's a pity the releases have been discontinued. I would like to see, for example, Ireland, Denmark, Monaco, Italy (there was Sardinia, but they could also make Sicily and Naples), a female Turkish costume would be interesting (in the collection - male), Spain was published in a special issue with a large unformatted doll, you need it would be nice to make it like all dolls, the costume of the Basque Country is interesting (especially for men with a beret), Arabs (UAE) are men, although women too))), Australia, American women (Texas, for example)).
But this is what I would like. But it doesn't hurt to dream.

I read that in every country a similar series of collectible dolls is published.)))

Discover different cultures and nationalities with a new Collection of Dolls in Costumes of the Peoples of the World. publishing house DeAgostini(DeAgostini).

A unique collection of porcelain dolls will help you get acquainted with the traditions of different peoples, learn their customs and habits. Each of the dolls presented in it conveys the image of representatives of a particular nation. Facial expression, skin color, eyes and hair are made taking into account the characteristic features of the country where the doll comes from.

Doll Collection

All the diversity of world cultures will be shown to you by our porcelain dolls, skillfully handcrafted especially for this collection. The collection is equally devoted to the countries of Europe, Central and Southeast Asia, Africa, South and North America. The image of each doll, costume and accessories, worked out to the smallest detail, based on the knowledge gathered by experts in this matter, and made using high quality materials. Collect these little pieces of art that captivate at first sight.

Exquisite dolls in every detail:

• Each of the dolls is unique - Facial expression, skin color, eyes and hair are made taking into account national characteristics.
• The dolls are hand-painted, have acrylic eyes and voluminous eyelashes, which makes their facial expressions even more expressive.
• Neatly styled hair and original hairstyles for each doll, emphasizing their belonging to a certain nationality: curls, long braids, exquisite ponytails, wreaths of flowers, complex buns or chic puffy strands.
• The head, arms and legs are movable.
• Particular attention in the process of creating the collection was given to costumes. Each doll has its own national outfit - Japanese kimono, Indian sari, Provencal cap and skirt with an apron, Hawaiian patterns, Dutch national costume and many others.
• Outfits and fabrics are carefully selected and convey the features of real materials used in a particular state.
• Doll designs, outfits and decorations are developed by specialists exclusively for this collection.

Magazine

Magazine Dolls in Costumes of the Peoples of the World is an exciting journey across five continents. In each country, you will discover all the most delightful and amazing, common features and differences between the cultures of different countries, interesting features of their customs, everyday life and clothing style.

And also you will get acquainted with the history of the costume of each region, which is embodied in the image of your doll and learn the recipes of national dishes.

Exit Schedule

№1 – India – 10.01.2014
№2 – France+ magazine storage box – 01/31/2014
№3 – Japan – 14.02.2014
№4 – Norway – 28.02.2014
№5 – Hawaii – 14.03.2014

How many issues

Total planned - 60 issues

promotional video

Forum

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Folk Japanese dolls. Japanese traditional dolls or "ningyo" which means "doll" in Japanese. There are many types of Japanese dolls, some of them depict children, others - the imperial court, warriors and heroes, fairy-tale characters, gods and demons. Most of the dolls are made for ordinary gifts or for holidays such as Hinamatsuri - Girls' Festival. Other dolls are made to be sold as tourist souvenirs.

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The most ancient dolls found during excavations were attributed to the Jōmon period. Initially, dolls acted as amulets or talismans. The heyday of the art of creating dolls fell on the Edo period. Starting from this period, dolls of various shapes and purposes began to be made. Since 1936, in Japan, the art of making dolls has received the status of officially recognized. Every spring since 1955, the best doll makers have been awarded the Living National Treasure (ningen kokuho) title by the Japanese government. Materials for the manufacture of Japanese dolls are wood, paper, fabric, clay, or even live chrysanthemums.

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Types of Japanese Hina-ningyo dolls - dolls for the Hinamatsuri holiday, depicting the imperial family. These dolls are very valuable, they are made from expensive materials, and in Japanese families they are inherited. Gogatsu-ningyo (literally May dolls) or Musya-ningyo - dolls for the Tango no Sekku holiday (now - Children's Day). Often these are images of samurai in armor, historical characters (Emperor Jimmu, Empress Jingu), heroes of the Japanese epic (Momotaro), as well as figurines of tigers and horses. Karakuri ningyo are mechanical puppets.

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Gosho-ningyo - small figures in the form of fat-cheeked children, carved from wood and covered with a special composition of crushed oyster shells - "gofun". Initially, these dolls were made by masters of the imperial court, hence their name - "palace dolls" comes from. Gosho-ningyo is often given as a talisman before a long journey. Kimekomi-ningyo - wooden dolls covered with cloth. The origin of this type of doll is associated with the Kamo Temple in Kyoto, where in the early 18th century monks made amulets and souvenirs for sale. Modern kimekomi ningyo are made from wood pulp, unlike earlier dolls, which were simply carved from wood. The most commonly used tree is palovnia. Special incisions are made on the body of the doll, where the edges of the fabric are then tucked in (translated from Japanese, kime is a wooden edge, komi is to fill).

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Hakata-ningyo - ceramic dolls. The first such figurines, according to one of the legends, were made in Fukuoka Prefecture from the beginning of the 17th century. In 1900, hakata dolls were shown at the Paris Exhibition. In 1924, hakata dolls depicting three dancing girls won a silver award at the International Paris Fair. Kokeshi are wood carved and painted dolls. Daruma is a tumbler doll. Kiku-ningyo - dolls made from living chrysanthemums. They consist of a bamboo frame, on which chrysanthemums dug out of the ground with roots with small flowers are fixed. To keep chrysanthemums from fading longer, their roots are wrapped in moss. The height of such dolls is approximately equal to human height. The face, hands and other details of the dolls are made of papier-mâché. Many of these dolls are made for traditional exhibitions in the cities of Nihonmatsu and Hirakata, which are held every autumn during the flowering of chrysanthemums.

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Russian folk dolls Back in the middle of the 20th century, in almost every family - in the village and in the city - children played with rag dolls. And only since the 1960s, when industrial enterprises began to produce millions of plastic toys, the tradition of making homemade dolls almost died out. However, it did not disappear completely, being deposited in the people's memory. A doll is a sign of a person, his playful image-symbol. In this role, it focuses time, the history of culture, the history of the country, the people, reflecting their movement and development. The traditional rag doll carries the memory of culture and does it much brighter, wider and deeper than any other toy (clay or wood). A conditional humanoid figure once performed a magical role, served as a talisman. She participated in ceremonies and holidays, in ritual events of the circle of earthly life, celebrating the birth, wedding, departure to the ancestors.

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A rag doll is a toy with valuable educational qualities that are recognized and cultivated in ethnopedagogics, in practical work with children. This is a great model for classes in needlework, artistic work and creativity, arts and crafts and textile design. This universal toy has a spiritual content - here lies the appeal of a patchwork doll. The puppet people keep the skill and art of their creators, the work of collectors, collectors and scientists. The puppet chronicle highlights the life of Russian culture, the unfading memory of the people. And everyone who makes rag dolls gets their own “patchwork story”.

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Therefore, there were no accidents in the manufacture of traditional rag dolls - a certain meaning was seen in everything. As a rule, rag dolls were the simplest depiction of a female figure: a piece of cloth rolled into a rolling pin, a face carefully covered with white linen rags, breasts made of even rag balls, a braid and an everyday or festive peasant outfit made of patchwork. Most often, puppet costumes were sewn from scraps of purchased fabric - chintz and satin, calico and calico. They, unlike homespun ones, remained expensive for the village until the beginning of the 20th century and were intended for festive clothes.

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The remaining scraps were kept in bags, saved for toys. And when they made dolls, the shreds were carefully selected. Red rags were especially appreciated, they went to the most beautiful dolls. Red color has long served as a talisman, a symbol of life and the productive power of nature. Rag dolls, sewn from a new patch, were specially made as a gift for christening, for the day of the angel, for the holiday, showing kindred love and care. In the old days, on the feast of the Entry of the Virgin into the Temple, when winter festivities began on a sleigh, “trump” sledges with dolls were sent to small children and birthday girls as a gift. Such a duty lay with mothers-in-law and godmothers. “Homemade” dolls were presented to relatives and friends, cementing family ties: this is also one of the evidence of their sacred meaning.

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In the family, for their children, dolls were usually “spun” from old rags. And not even because of poverty, but according to the ritual of blood intimacy. It was believed that the worn matter kept the ancestral power and, embodied in the doll, passed it on to the child, becoming a talisman. For dolls, the hems of women's shirts and aprons were most often used. It was these parts of the costume, in contact with the earth and thus absorbing its power, that had the greatest sacred significance. It is noteworthy that shreds for dolls were always torn along a straight thread, and not cut off with scissors. It was believed that such a toy prophesied integrity without flaws and damage to her little mistress. Often doll clothes accurately conveyed the features of local costumes.

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Today it will seem strange that the costume was not removed from the doll. Couldn't our ancestors have thought of such a simple thing? But they did not set themselves such a task: after all, the doll was created as an integral form. This is an important principle: a doll is not a dressing-up mannequin, but an image in itself. the costume organically participated in the plasticity of the toy. Its cut was simple and doll-like expressive. the proportions of large-headed dolls, far from nature, made the puppet costume conditional, allegorical. At the same time, it was the costume that always determined the specific ethnic type in the doll, and corresponded to the realities of the game. A doll in a pink sundress could not play the role of an elderly woman, and a doll “woman” was not allowed to play the role of a “bride”.

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Chinese folk dolls Dolls, being one of the objects of fine art, existed among almost all peoples of the world. In China and Japan, dolls have an ancient history; the first finds date back to the 3rd millennium BC. Initially, the dolls were intended to perform magical rites that still exist in many countries of Africa and Latin America, such as voodoo magic. But in the east, the purpose of the dolls has changed over time.

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In addition to a simple game purpose for children, as a result of the development of culture and society, in the 8th century, dolls became the basis of the first puppet theaters. Later in the Edo period in Japan, the art of making dolls from different materials and purposes, depending on the province, was formed. In 1936, after successful performances at many international puppet exhibitions, the emperor of Japan recognized the making of puppets as an art. In the manufacture of dolls, a wide variety of improvised materials are used, but flower dolls and the grace of clay and porcelain dolls are most admired. In Japan, dolls are inherited, through the female line, and are a protection from evil spirits and everyday troubles. Also, dolls are presented as an original gift for the wedding day. As a rule, dolls are depicted as characters of the imperial court or cult and legendary figures.

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The manufacture of Chinese and Japanese porcelain dolls now rightfully occupies a prominent place in world culture. Ivory products in China and the Far East have been known since ancient times. Intricate chess pieces, figurines, netsuke, dolls... Ivory was not considered a particularly valuable material in its homeland, as it had a number of drawbacks - it turned yellow with time and cracked from dry air. But in the 18th century, when Europe established trade with the East, ivory was highly valued by Europeans. They especially liked the dolls made from this material, which is so similar in color to the human body.

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Chinese dolls simply delighted Europeans. And you understand them perfectly when you see this beauty. Snow-white faces are skillfully carved from ivory and finely painted, hair is styled in an elegant hairstyle. Miniature hands look just like real ones - every nail is visible on them. Among other things, the material was expensive, and the work required special art. Now ivory is not used for making dolls, and you can see such products only in museums and collections. Signs: You can not give children unique porcelain Chinese dolls. If such a doll is made in one copy and it had a real prototype, the “soul” of the toy can harm the child.

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Indian dolls The traditional clothes of India are not a distant past, but a living canvas of modern life, because India is one of the few places on earth where all these costumes are worn daily. They can be seen in houses and on the streets, in cities and villages, on weekdays and holidays. In an effort to acquaint viewers with the most interesting of the 800 peoples inhabiting India, the Shankar Museum, apparently, faced a difficult choice. One of the largest nationalities lives in the state of Maharashtra - the land of brave and courageous warriors - the Marathas. We see a prosperous family with characteristic outfits and jewelry. The man's costume is very recognizable - we often saw such clothes on the leaders of the national liberation movement in India, since many of them were Marathas. The women of Maharashtra have a characteristic way of wearing a sari - it is draped on the legs in the manner of a man's dhoti.

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The state of Rajasthan is an arid land where the descendants of the recalcitrant and warlike people of the Rajputs live - the rulers and warriors of Northern India. The Rajputs - "the sons of the king" - are a special caste of warriors, whose ancestors were the Scythians who invaded India at the beginning of a new era and mixed with the local population, most likely the Bhils. The Rajputs were famous for their special chivalric code and the courage of women, who, in the event of military defeats of their husbands, committed the rite of self-immolation. Rajasthan women wear shoes, a skirt, a choli and a kazakinchik. Men's clothing is distinguished by a multicolored, colorful turban. The bright clothes of the inhabitants seem to compensate for the dullness of the colors of this region. In the state of Andhra Pradesh, located in the southern part of India, lives the largest Dravidian people of India - Telugu or Andhra. The Dravidians are peoples inhabiting mainly South India. They are considered the descendants of the ancient pre-Aryan population of India. The women here wear sturdy cotton saris, and the absence of a choli and veil in an ordinary suit not only indicates a hot climate, when a sari is quite enough, but also betrays the remnants of matriarchy inherent in these peoples.

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The peoples of Assam - the east of India - are strongly influenced by Christianity, so the white color, usually mourning for the Hindu, is quite acceptable in their clothes. Women usually wear homespun clothes made of coarse linen - a skirt and a short sari. For men, jewelry made of stone is typical. Dolls also represented the largest and most distinctive tribes. For example, a Gypsy Banjara from the nomadic tribes of India, who came to the country in antiquity, assimilated, but retained their traditions. She is characterized by clothes embroidered with mirrors and rings on her legs. The Bagdi tribe, which lives in the western, border regions of the country, is represented by an unusual, "genre" figurine of a girl selling silver jewelry. She is a representative of a low caste - this can be seen from her gestures, occupation, facial expression. Bagdis often sell trinkets at the market, wear long skirts, dupatta and lots of silver jewelry. In the small mountainous state of Sikkim, the climate is quite harsh. In cold weather, men wear vests, woolen hats and leather boots, while women wear a baku (sleeveless jacket) over a long-sleeved blouse. The matriarchal way of life, the traditionally honorable position of a woman is noticeable both in the look and in the pose of this doll.

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A very expressive female figure in a white, embroidered outfit represents one of the largest tribes in India - the Santal tribe living in Central India, on the Bihar plateau. Santals are engaged in agriculture, are known for their peculiar dances, healing abilities and divination. They know herbs well and are regular suppliers of medicinal raw materials. On the outskirts of their settlements, there is usually a sacred grove in which festivals are held related to the agricultural cycle. One of the largest nationalities among the tribes of Central India and Maharashtra is the Bhils. The word "bhil" in translation from the Dravidian language means "bow", and this tribe originated, according to legend, from a tiger.

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The Toda tribe is one of the most ancient and unusual even for India. It is a small pastoral society with just over a thousand members. They live in the south of India, on the Nilgiri hills. They have European facial features, they speak the Toda language (one of the Dravidian dialects). There is an assumption that they are descended from the Sumerians. The matriarchal way of life of the Toda is closely associated with the cult of the goddess Teikirzi, who, according to legend, created the Toda and the buffalo they breed and worship. They eat only grain and buffalo milk, carry no weapons, do not play aggressive sports, and do not even cultivate the land. Men and women wear peculiar clothes - bedspreads with bright red stripes.

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We can call Indian dolls small ambassadors, works of art, ethnographic exhibits, representatives of the Vedic tradition of India, but not a single concept can fully characterize them. Like any ambassadors, they represent only a small slice of the culture behind them. Like any work of art, they appeal to the hearts of the audience, making them think about the beauty of the world. As representatives of an ancient tradition, they can only hint at the philosophy behind it. And yet they continue to be a mystery. We call them puppets because we can't find another word for it. And who they really are - maybe only Shankar Pillai himself knew about it.

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It is reasonable to assume that the squirrel was a puppet, and was set in motion with the help of threads hidden in a bushy tail. Meanwhile, Observe held a similar opinion. It is also known that sometimes shamans "summoned a spirit", which appeared in the form of a little man, who first stuck out his head, then opened to the waist, then to his full height, and immediately disappeared. This sequence was repeated several times. The solution to the riddle turned out to be simple - a box was installed in a small and specially prepared hole, in which the doll was located. Such cases were quite common, and all dolls had an equally limited set of gestures. As a result, the action turned out to be plotless, but this, undoubtedly, was the first step towards modern puppetry. The next step was the dolls of the Hopi tribe - farmers who have been cultivating corn since ancient times. Since rain rarely fell in their dry lands, before the start of spring sowing, a multi-day rainfall ceremony was held, the final element of which was a small puppet show. Puppets were perceived as special, supernatural creatures, as indicated by the special conditions for their manufacture, storage, universal reverence and undoubted respect for puppeteers in the villages.

Probably, now it is quite difficult to meet a person who would not be attracted by the dolls of the peoples of the world. Why? In fact, there are several reasons for this.

Of course, first of all, I would like to emphasize the unusualness and originality of this type of toy. But in cultural terms, its role is generally difficult to overestimate. Agree, the collection of dolls of the peoples of the world is the best way to acquaint schoolchildren, and adults, with the customs, traditions and beliefs of representatives of completely different parts of our planet. Maybe this is the secret of popularity? Let's try to figure it out together.

What is it - the largest collection of dolls of the peoples of the world?

Dolls in one way or another are present in the life of every person. True, this happens more often in childhood, and especially in girls. One way or another, you will not meet now someone who cannot give a more or less intelligible definition of this concept.

Some adults also do not part with them, because for us, you see, the doll can perform several functions at once. For example, to act as a piece of childhood, a talisman, an addition to the interior, or even an amazing copy of a carefully assembled collection.

To date, collectors have become real hunters for such toys. They are interested in rare dolls in costumes of the peoples of the world, they track the release of new models, scrupulously look after their already found samples.

It's no secret that a true collector allows himself to spend impressive money on the acquisition of more and more new things. There are such collections of dolls that may well be considered a real historical and cultural value.

The most famous collectors in Moscow are E. Losev and N. Bartramu. Their rare dolls in costumes of the peoples of the world became the basis for the creation of the Moscow Toy Museum. Also very famous is the Vakhtanov collection, which consists of modern art specimens.

In addition, many collectors gained fame thanks to Barbies, which became mega-popular in the 1990s. The largest collection of such sophisticated girls with gorgeous hair belongs to Leonid Celluloid Boy.

It should be noted that the Barbie collection in Germany, owned by B. Dorfman, today has 6025 models, 4000 were collected by I. Riebel in Holland, but in the UK the largest collection belongs to T. Matia.

In addition to modern specimens, collectors collect other species. For example, the owner and author of the largest collection of valuable amazingly similar to famous people is the artist O. Powell. T. Finnanger from Norway became famous thanks to the creation of tildes. And the scary monster dolls uglies brought worldwide popularity to their designers D. Horvath and S. Kim.

How and when did the first toys of this kind appear?

Dolls of different nations have a very long and rich history. As you know, even ancient people gave their children to play, however, not dolls in the modern sense of the word, but various pebbles and pieces of wood. But the children of the Persians and Indian tribes already had the most real fairies, sorceresses and sorceresses made of wood or fabric with traced eyes.

In addition, do not forget that in ancient times, some dolls of the peoples of the world, photos of which can now be found in almost every encyclopedia, were an integral part of religious rituals, and it was strictly forbidden for kids to play with them.

The first baby dolls were found in Egypt. Their age is approximately 4500 years. They were decorated with beads, had real hair, and movable arms and legs.

In ancient Greece and Rome, a toy with figurines of soldiers inside was very popular with boys. Products were created from clay and wax and were brightly colored.

In antiquity, these figurines had already begun to be made from expensive materials, and among them the one made of ivory was considered the most expensive.

Dolls of the peoples of Russia are most often identified with toys made of rags or straw.

Puppet theater on the streets of the city

This unusual kind of representation originates from the pagan rites used to worship the gods. Initially, it was present in the form of short farcical miniatures with nasty remarks towards the highest persons in ancient Egypt in the 16th century. BC e., and in ancient Rome - in the II century. BC e.

A little later, starting around the 11th century. n. e., in Europe, in Catholic churches, parishioners with particular zeal began to arrange gospel dramatizations with the main character in the form of the Virgin Mary. True, it should be noted that these scenes caused great disapproval of the local authorities and were under the strictest ban.

At the end of the XVI century. in the squares and fairs, an image was created of a stupid, obscene, but bold, ingenuous, dexterous and quick-witted glutton and lumpy named Pulcinella, from which the era of European dolls began.

In England, by the way, the rogue and fighter Patch, who always quarrels with his wife, became such a hero. In France, the favorite character was the hunchback and bully Polichinelle, who was not at all able to keep secrets. In Germany - a vulgar simpleton Kasperl with rude jokes. In the Czech Republic, the good-natured joker and joker Kashparek, known for his strong words, was considered the favorite hero.

Note that such characters were present in almost all nations. For example, Denmark is often associated with Mester Jaeckel, the Netherlands with Jan Claassen, Greece with Fazoulis, etc.

But in Russia, the jester and fighter Petrushka gained special popularity and love.

Features of Japanese toys

Dolls of the peoples of the world cannot even be imagined without the Japanese Kokeshi.

Initially, she had no limbs and outwardly very much resembled a Russian nesting doll. Such pupae were made from cherry, dogwood and maple, and then, by hand, they were painted with floral and plant motifs.

At first, shamans used Kokeshi to perform ritual ceremonies and commemorations. However, over time, they began to be given to children and made from wood, scraps and paper.

In the XX century. so-called large sizes appeared, reminiscent of geishas, ​​with hand-embroidered kimonos. They were generously decorated with gold thread and precious stones.

Culture of the Eskimos and Nenets. Doll of the peoples of the North

For a very long time, the Nenets and Eskimos used various kinds of figurines to communicate with otherworldly forces. These toys were without eyes, ears, mouth and nose.

It was believed that dolls of the peoples of the world of this type had a special energy, and, having a traced face, they could come to life and frighten young children. The families of the northern peoples possessed a large number of dolls, and the dowry of young girls necessarily included more than a dozen of such items.

To preserve culture, they later made a face and attire in the form

Slavic copies

Among the Slavs, dolls were made literally from everything. If necessary, straw, clay, ash, patches and tree bark were used ... People considered these figures to be amulets.

For example, the Slavs believed that a toy made of flax would drive away all diseases from a child, and a “ten hand” would bring happiness and prosperity to the family, prosperity would come with a “grain” filled with grain. By the way, different grains had their own meaning: rice - a holiday, buckwheat - wealth, pearl barley - satiety, oats - strength.

“Shear haircuts” made from a bundle of cut grass were also popular, and older girls liked to play with patchwork dolls.

Dolls of the peoples of Africa

In Africa, dolls in costumes of the peoples of the world, in this case the African continent, were passed down from generation to generation. They were hand-crafted from grass or carved from wood. Then the products were decorated with colorful dresses, beads and bracelets.

Mostly African dolls were dressed in traditional attire and depicted adult married women. But shamans for their rituals separately made special ritual figurines.

Russian nesting doll

Matryoshka is considered the Russian national painted doll of our country. Not everyone knows that it originates in China, but in Russia they began to be made after the end of the 19th century. A. Mamontova brought to Moscow a figurine of a Japanese old man, which opened up.

In the middle of the first was the same figurine, only smaller, and behind it another and another. The figurines opened up until the smallest one was found at the bottom of the last one.

Russian craftsmen created and painted a toy consisting of eight figures. All of them depicted a woman, and a baby was painted on the smallest. They called the toy Matryoshka in honor of the then most popular name in Moscow - Matryona.

Beauty of the last century: Barbie doll

A doll named Barbie is perhaps the object of desire for all girls without exception and the most famous doll in the world. It is unlikely that anyone will deny the fact that this attractive fashionista has truly become the standard of female beauty.

This masterpiece was created by Ruth Handler. And it was like that. In the 40s of the twentieth century. an as yet unknown woman, together with her husband, opened a company specializing in the manufacture of picture frames. During production, a lot of wooden waste remained, from which Ruth came up with the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bmaking small wooden furniture for dolls.

After a trip to Switzerland in 1956, in which Ruth saw a Lilith doll - a blonde with defiant forms and a fashionable wardrobe, she decided to create an image herself that would become the fulfillment of a dream of adulthood for girls. Ruth turned the vulgar Lilith, the copyright for which she, by the way, bought out, into a positive and beloved beauty. The doll got its name in honor of the inventor's daughter, Barbara. The first Barbie outfits were made by Dior and Givenchy. In 1958, Barbie was patented. By the way, Ken was invented and named after the son of the inventor - Kenneth.

Now the Barbie doll is in the top ten of the best-selling goods in the world.

Modern tilde dolls

Such a cute toy was invented by the Norwegian artist T. Finnanger. Tilda is a kind of object made of fabric in the form of a doll, animal or some other object. The artist created her first tilde in 1999, when she was 25 years old.

Now branded materials and accessories for comfort with the same name are on sale, and their creator gives advice on arranging the female world around her offspring.

This one has several features: they are always plump, with soft and smooth silhouettes, the faces and faces of tildes are very conditional, and they all resemble each other in a recognizable color scheme with rich and calm shades. Tilda dolls in costumes of the peoples of the world have recently begun to meet more and more often.