Having a baby with a negative Rh. Negative Rh factor during the second pregnancy

The menstrual cycle is the main indicator of a girl's health. If he is normal, the mother is confident in the success of the next conception. Very often, a woman may complain of very plentiful or, conversely, meager periods after childbirth. Small changes can be completely normal, or they can indicate the presence of pathologies.

To avoid complications and understand the causes of the disease, you need to seek help from an experienced gynecologist. After a thorough examination, it will be possible to establish the correct diagnosis and select the appropriate treatment.

If periods become very scanty, this problem is called hypomenorrhea. Such a fairly common occurrence among young mothers indicates failures and deviations of the menstrual cycle. There is a possibility that complications have arisen on the background of diseases or an inflammatory process. To confirm your doubts or dispel them, you need to pay attention to how critical days should pass normally. Few women follow their own cycle, how menstruation flows, and what kind of discharge they have.

The rule should look like this:

• pulling pain should be absent or almost not disturb;
• the duration should be from 3 to 7 days and decrease every day;
• the required interval takes from 20 to 35 days (anything more or less is considered a deviation from the norm);
• there should be no additional spotting between cycles;
• the volume of the allocated blood fluctuates between 50-150 ml;
• there should be no blood clots.

If there are deviations, it is very important for the girl to keep a calendar, indicate the beginning and end of menstruation in it, note the features and keep track of how many days the gap is.

It is quite easy to notice the disease: very meager discharge is characteristic of hypomenorrhea in the form of a few drops of blood or barely noticeable traces of brown.

There are several types of scarce discharges:

• primary - happens to a teenage girl when the cycle is just coming back to normal;
• secondary - occurs in an adult woman due to a pathology or disturbance in the functioning of the body.

It is important to monitor your health very carefully so as not to miss suspicious symptoms. You should not be glad that your periods are not the same as before and will no longer bring discomfort. It is necessary to tell your doctor about any changes and failures.

Symptoms

Often, menstruation after childbirth changes a lot and there may be manifestations that were not there before. Critical days can have different duration, intensity, character and sensations during this period.

Most often, a woman is worried about:

• pain in the lower abdomen;
• nausea and vomiting;
• nosebleeds;
• dizziness;
• weakness;
• lower back pain;
• swelling and pain of the breast;
• bloating;
• diarrhea or constipation;
• increased appetite or lack of it.

Menstruation after childbirth during breastfeeding should not resume until the end of lactation. If for some reason the mother stopped feeding the baby or transferred him to an artificial method from the first days, you can wait for the first discharge after 2 months or even less. In this case, pathologies are often observed: the discharge can be extremely scarce or quite abundant, large clots may be present or the shade may change.

Also, at such a moment, irregularity and constant failures may appear. This happens due to the fact that the body has not yet had time to recover and come to its senses. Such symptoms indicate a deterioration in the work of the hormonal background. By visiting a doctor in time, you can easily eliminate any problem.

It is also worth remembering that not all cases are the same and menstruation after childbirth during breastfeeding can behave unexpectedly. Even during an active lactation period, a woman may resume menstruation. This is a signal that she can become pregnant again and bear a second baby. It should be understood that the feeding period is not a guarantee and a natural contraceptive, as many young parents think.

Causes

There are a lot of factors that affect the fact that menstruation after childbirth has changed a lot. Only a doctor can determine the cause for a particular case after a frank conversation, a personal examination and a thorough examination.

The most common influencing factors include:

1. Excess weight.
2. Diabetes.
3. Impaired thyroid function.
4. Kidney disease.
5. Abuse of birth control pills or wrong choice of contraceptives.
6. Abrupt climate change.
7. Pathologies in the development of the uterus or its appendages.
8. Abortions or miscarriages.
9. Overwork and stressful situations.
10. Lack of sleep and proper rest.
11. Inflammation of the ovaries or uterus.
12. recent hypothermia.
13. Infectious diseases, viruses.
14. Surgical interventions.
15. Hormonal disbalance.
16. Received injuries.
17. Anemia (anemia).
18. Violation of metabolism (metabolism in the body).
19. Deficiency of vitamins of certain groups.
20. Anorexia or sudden weight loss.
21. Chronic fatigue.
22. Eating an unbalanced diet or fasting.
23. Diseases of the endocrine system.

Quite a few reasons can provoke the occurrence of such an ailment. A young mother needs to be especially careful. Chronic stress, lack of sleep, worries, fatigue, hormonal imbalance, anemia - this is very familiar to girls who have recently had a baby. A woman at the moment needs to be very attentive not only to the child, but also to herself and her health.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis by an experienced doctor will consist of several steps.

The first thing the gynecologist will do is conduct a personal examination of the patient and talk frankly with her. You will also need to take a blood test, urine test, and a vaginal swab. Ultrasound examination of internal organs, MRI and biopsy of uterine tissues may be required. These studies should be carried out only after consultation with a professional and a personal doctor's prescription.

The method of treatment will be discussed with the doctor only after a thorough diagnosis.

Of the general recommendations, the doctor may advise you to normalize your weight to the desired level - to get better or lose weight. It is also worth mentioning the benefits of proper nutrition, an active lifestyle and the perniciousness of bad habits (smoking, alcohol, large amounts of coffee, unhealthy foods, lack of sleep).

Of the drugs, you should pay attention to sedatives, vitamin complexes and products containing iron in large quantities. When inflammation has been detected in the body, the doctor will prescribe drugs that have an anti-inflammatory effect, as well as antibiotics and painkillers.

If the problem is hidden in perception, it makes sense to seek help from a psychologist or psychotherapist. It will be useful to use methods such as yoga and stretching, meditation, soothing herbal teas (mint, chamomile, rose, sage and lavender are a good choice), melodies for relaxation and sound sleep.

It is always interesting for new mothers when menstruation begins after childbirth. During the restoration of the cycle, it can change the length, menstruation often acquire a different character, intensity, duration, become more or less painful than before pregnancy. Often this is the norm, but in some cases, a consultation with a gynecologist is required.

Bleeding in the postpartum period

Postpartum bleeding, or lochia, is the cleansing of the wound surface, which is formed at the site of the separated fetal membranes and placenta. They last during the entire period of restoration of the inner surface of the uterus.

At this time, the uterus is especially vulnerable to infection, so you should regularly change sanitary pads and monitor the nature of the discharge. They are maximally expressed within 3 days after childbirth, and then gradually weaken.

Sometimes such discharge completely stops in just a day. This is due to the retention of blood in the uterine cavity (), which leads to an increased risk of infection. In this case, the help of a doctor is necessary.

Normally, the cleansing of the uterus after the process of natural childbirth lasts from 30 to 45 days. After a surgical delivery, this time may increase, which is explained by the formation of a scar and longer healing.

How to distinguish between menstruation and bleeding after childbirth?

Lochia gradually change their character. By the end of the 1st week, they become lighter, after 2 weeks they acquire a mucous character. Within a month, an admixture of blood may appear in them, but its amount is insignificant. Usually a woman easily distinguishes this process from menstruation. There must be at least 2 weeks between the cessation of lochia and the onset of the first menstruation. In case of doubt, it is better to consult a gynecologist or at least start using barrier contraception that protects the uterus from infections.

Start of menstruation

There are no periods during pregnancy. This is a natural protective mechanism for preserving the fetus, which is regulated by hormones. After childbirth, the restoration of the normal hormonal status of a woman begins. It lasts for a month if breastfeeding is not started.

When should menstruation start after childbirth?

This period is determined primarily by the type of feeding of the child: natural or artificial. Breast milk is produced under the influence of the pituitary hormone prolactin. It is he who inhibits the growth of the egg in the ovary during lactation. The level of estrogen does not increase, therefore, when breastfeeding, menstruation begins, on average, 2 months after childbirth, more often when feeding “by the hour”.

For many young mothers, this interval is extended to six months or more, especially when feeding “on demand”. In very rare cases, while maintaining breastfeeding, even intermittent, women note that they do not have periods for a year, and sometimes even longer. In such cases, you need to regularly use contraception, and if necessary, do a pregnancy test. You also need to consult a doctor to rule out hyperprolactinemia.

With artificial feeding from birth, the duration of the cycle is restored in a month and a half. At this time, and occurs, so that a new pregnancy is possible.

When a baby is fed only breast milk, a woman may not have her period all this time. In this case, the first menstruation after childbirth will begin within the first six months after the end of lactation “on demand” or the introduction of complementary foods. However, this is not necessary, and even during the period of breastfeeding, menstruation can be restored.

With mixed feeding (from a bottle and naturally), the recovery of menstruation develops faster, within 4 months after childbirth.

How long do periods last in the postpartum period?

Often the first menstruation is very heavy. There may be strong discharge, menstruation with blood clots. If you have to change the pad every hour, you should seek help from a doctor: this may be a symptom of bleeding that has begun. Subsequent periods usually become normal.

In other cases, in the first months, women have irregular spotting. This is typical for breastfeeding, when prolactin synthesis gradually decreases.

Additional factors affecting the rate of recovery of a normal cycle:

• difficulties in caring for a child, lack of sleep, lack of help from relatives;
• unhealthy diet;
• too young age of the mother or late birth;
• concomitant diseases (diabetes, asthma and others), especially requiring hormone therapy;
• complications after childbirth, for example, Sheehan's syndrome.

Changes in the menstrual cycle

Irregular periods often persist for several cycles after childbirth. These changes do not have to be permanent. Within 1-2 months, the cycle normally returns to prenatal characteristics or changes slightly in duration.

• Scanty periods can normally occur during the initial 2-3 cycles, especially if mixed feeding is used.
• During the first cycles after childbirth, on the contrary, some women experience heavy periods. This may be normal, but if menstruation does not become normal in the next cycle, you need to consult a gynecologist.
• The regularity of menstrual flow is disturbed, that is, the cycle goes astray.
• Painful periods may occur, even if a woman never complained of pain before pregnancy. The reason for this is infection, too much contraction of the uterine wall. In most cases, on the contrary, painful periods before pregnancy become normal. This is due to the normalization of the location of the uterus in the body cavity.
• Some women develop or its precursors: nausea, swelling, dizziness, emotional changes before menstruation.

Causes of postpartum menstrual changes

The delay in menstruation after childbirth appears under the influence of changing hormone levels:

• secretion of prolactin in the pituitary gland, which helps to secrete breast milk and suppresses ovulation;
• suppression of estrogen production under the action of prolactin, which leads to irregular menstruation or their complete absence during breastfeeding (lactational amenorrhea).

When a child eats only mother's milk, and “on demand”, and not “by the clock”, and a woman has no menstruation for six months after giving birth, this is the norm.

After the onset of menstruation, it is advisable to start using contraception. Although breastfeeding reduces the chance of conception, it is still possible. For example, if menstruation began after childbirth and then disappeared, the most likely reason for this is a second pregnancy. It should also be remembered that ovulation occurs before the onset of menstrual bleeding. Therefore, pregnancy is quite possible even before the first menstruation. If a woman is worried about why there is no menstrual bleeding for a long time, you must first do a home pregnancy test, and then contact a gynecologist. You may need to consult an endocrinologist.

It is not necessary after the appearance of the menstrual cycle to refuse breastfeeding. Menstruation does not change its quality. It happens that a child these days does not eat well, is naughty, refuses to breastfeed. Usually this is due to emotional disturbances in a woman, her worries about the quality of feeding.

During menstrual bleeding, the sensitivity of the nipples may increase, feeding becomes painful. To reduce such sensations, it is recommended that before giving the baby a breast, massage it, warm it, apply a warm compress to the nipples. It is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of the chest and axillary area. During menstruation, the composition of sweat changes, and the baby smells it differently. This may be another reason for feeding difficulties.

irregular periods

What to do if the menstrual cycle has become irregular:

1. In the first months of the postpartum recovery period, do not panic. In most cases, this is the norm. For each woman, the normalization of the cycle occurs individually, usually during the first months of the resumption of menstrual bleeding. Irregularity is more common in women who are breastfeeding.
2. It takes about 2 months to restore the normal function of all organs and systems. Balance in the endocrine system comes later, especially if breastfeeding is used. Therefore, a woman can feel quite healthy, but at the same time she will experience the absence of menstruation.
3. Pay attention to the irregular cycle should be only after 3 cycles. This may be due to an inflammatory process, or a tumor of the genital organs. A delay in the second period is not dangerous, unless it is associated with a second pregnancy.

If you have any doubts, it is better to consult a gynecologist, get diagnosed in a timely manner and start treatment.

The cycle after the pathological course of pregnancy or childbirth

Menstruation after a frozen pregnancy is not restored immediately. Only in some women regular bleeding appears after a month. In most cases, the hormonal imbalance that led to the termination of pregnancy causes the irregularity of the cycle.

After the termination of a missed pregnancy or abortion, the first menstruation occurs within 45 days. If this does not happen, the woman should seek help from a gynecologist.

To exclude such causes of amenorrhea as the remaining part of the fetal egg in the uterus or inflammation, 10 days after the termination of a frozen or normal pregnancy, an ultrasound scan is necessary.

The first menstrual flow after begins in the period from 25 to 40 days after its completion. If they started earlier, it is probably uterine bleeding, which requires a visit to the doctor. A delay of more than 40 days also requires a consultation with a gynecologist. If the disease caused severe stress in a woman, it is considered normal to lengthen the recovery time to 2 months.

Menstruation after surgery is restored in the same way as after normal childbirth. During lactation, periods do not come for six months. With artificial feeding, there is no period for 3 months or even less. Both in physiological and in childbirth by caesarean section, in a small part of women, the cycle is not restored within a year. If no other pathology is found, this is considered normal.

In the first few months after a frozen, intrauterine pregnancy or caesarean section, the cycle may be irregular. Subsequently, its duration may change compared to the previous one. But normally it is not less than 21 days and not more than 35 days. Menstruation lasts from 3 to 7 days.

Pathology of menstruation

Sometimes bleeding that begins in a woman after childbirth is pathological. In this case, you should not wait for several cycles so that they normalize, but immediately consult a doctor.

• The sudden cessation of postpartum discharge is a sign of a bend in the uterus or, accumulation of lochia in the uterine cavity - lochiometers.
• Scanty periods for 3 or more cycles. Perhaps they are a symptom of hormonal disorders, Sheehan's syndrome or endometritis.
• Irregularity of menstruation six months after its restoration, a break between spotting for more than 3 months. Most often associated with ovarian pathology.
• Excessive bleeding for 2 or more cycles, especially after a surgical delivery or abortion. They are often caused by the tissues of the membranes remaining on the walls of the uterus.
• The duration of menstruation is more than a week, which is accompanied by weakness, dizziness.
• Abdominal pain, fever, foul odor, and discoloration of vaginal discharge are a sign of a tumor or infection.
• Spotting before and after menstruation is a likely symptom of endometriosis or an inflammatory disease.
• Itching in the vagina, an admixture of curdled discharge is a sign.
• Bleeding twice a month that persists for more than 3 cycles.

In all of these cases, you need the help of a gynecologist.

Sometimes, despite the apparent health of a woman, menstruation does not occur at the right time. This may be a symptom of a complication of childbirth - Sheehan's syndrome. It occurs with severe bleeding during childbirth, during which blood pressure drops sharply. As a result, the cells of the pituitary gland, the main organ that regulates the function of the reproductive system, die.

The first sign of this disease is the absence of postpartum lactation. Normally, in the absence of milk, menstruation appears after 1.5-2 months. However, with Sheehan's syndrome, there is a deficiency of gonadotropic hormones. Violated egg maturation in the ovary, no ovulation, no menstrual bleeding. Therefore, if a woman who has given birth does not have milk, and then the cycle is not restored, she needs to urgently consult a doctor. The consequences of Sheehan's syndrome are adrenal insufficiency, which is accompanied by frequent infectious diseases and a general decrease in the body's resistance to various stresses.

There is also the opposite problem -. This condition is caused by an increase in the production of prolactin in the pituitary gland after the end of lactation. This hormone inhibits the development of the egg, causes anovulation, disrupts the normal thickening of the endometrium in the first phase of the cycle. Its excess leads to the absence of menstruation against the background of the ongoing synthesis of milk.

The main causes of hyperprolactinemia are pituitary adenoma, gynecological diseases, polycystic ovaries.

When a woman is healthy, her cycle is restored normally. To avoid possible failures, you need to follow some simple recommendations:

1. To give the body the opportunity to quickly restore the synthesis of hormones, you need to fully eat. Plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and water, combined with regular exercise, is an effective way to restore hormonal balance. The menu should include dairy products, cottage cheese, meat. After consulting with your doctor, you can take a multivitamin for nursing mothers.
2. Not to accept . They can change the hormonal background, and cause unpredictable cycle changes. If a woman is sexually active, it is better for her to use condoms or other non-hormonal methods of contraception.
3. Organize your schedule as efficiently as possible. If the baby does not sleep well at night, you should try to get enough sleep during the day. Do not refuse any help from loved ones. A good physical condition of a woman will help her recover faster.
4. In the presence of chronic diseases (diabetes, thyroid pathology, anemia, and others), it is necessary to visit the appropriate specialist and adjust the treatment.

The health of a woman of childbearing age, as a rule, can be determined by how her menstrual cycle occurs and what kind. Any slight deviation from the relative norm can be interpreted both as a normal fact and as a pathological phenomenon resulting from some disorder or disease.

Menstruation is characterized by many factors: by its regularity, by the duration of the cycle, by the duration of the blood discharge itself, by the amount, intensity of bleeding, by the color of the discharge before and after menstruation, is there pain during menstruation, is the woman worried, is there, etc.

How can a woman figure out, for example, why menstruation has become meager, the reasons for such a change? If this is some kind of pathology, then what? Of course, a woman, first of all, should seek an answer from her gynecologist by undergoing a comprehensive examination. In this article, we will try to talk about all the possible causes of scanty periods in girls, young women and women in the period before menopause.

What is considered normal, what is pathology?

Many women do not think, do not pay attention, do not attach much importance to how menstruation goes, whether the cycle is regular and what are the discharges. However, if a woman takes care of her health, plans to have a baby, especially if pregnancy does not occur for a long time, she should know that the nature of menstrual flow is a fairly significant indicator of possible disorders, diseases, and abnormalities in the reproductive function of the body.

Normally, menstruation should proceed as follows, any deviation from these norms, doctors regard as hypomenstrual syndrome or:

• menstruation should be either mildly painful or painless at all
• should last at least 3-5 days
• the interval can be normal within 21-35 days
• the secreted blood by volume is considered normal in the range of 50-150 ml

To determine the "normality" of the menstrual cycle, especially if a woman is planning a pregnancy, it is advisable to conduct a kind observation diary, make a plate where to write down the date of menstruation, the duration of the cycle, the duration of the bleeding itself, the nature of the discharge, and you can also keep a table for measuring basal temperature, which is also an excellent way to determine the norm or abnormalities in ovarian function and helps for those who are preparing for pregnancy.

Hypomenorrhea in medicine is usually called not heavy periods, having only traces of blood or drops of blood from light brown to dark brown, which are considered a pathology of menstrual function. The only exception is 2 periods in a woman's life when the causes of meager periods are the formation or extinction of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation occurs irregularly.

When a girl's menstruation is just beginning, the first menstruation is usually scanty, while during the year the cycle is gradually established, normalized and should become regular in a year. During the first year of the formation of menstruation, as well as in violation of menstrual function, menstruation can be:

• rare - this is opsomenorrhea, when the cycle is 1.5 -2 months
• meager - 50 ml. and less - hypomenorrhea
• shortened - oligomenorrhea, when menstruation ends by day 3
• not permanent, but 2-4 times / year - spanimenorrhea

Also, meager periods are not considered a pathology during the period when a woman's reproductive function begins to fade - which is a natural age-related hormonal change and is not considered a sign of any disease. Ovarian failure usually begins in women after 45 years of age, but there are rare cases when this occurs much earlier, by about 38-40 years.

Hypomenorrhea in gynecology is usually divided into:

• primary, when the girl has never had a normal menstruation
• secondary, when a woman has always had normal bleeding, and for some reason, menstruation has become meager.

Primary hypomenstrual syndrome can be in adolescents with congenital pathology of the genital organs, which is quite rare. When girls have their first meager periods, the cause may be underdevelopment or abnormal development of the female genital organs, and it may also be a variant of the norm and within a few cycles, menstruation becomes normal (see).

Symptoms that may accompany a scanty period

Even very meager periods can proceed both painlessly and imperceptibly for a woman, and with severe pain. In addition to shortening the duration and intensity of menstruation, scanty periods often occur after a delay with the appearance of a pronounced premenstrual syndrome and are accompanied by additional ailments, such as:

• severe pain in the lower abdomen due to spastic contraction of the uterus
• , in the chest
• headaches, nausea
• various bowel disorders - constipation or diarrhea

Sometimes with hypomenorrhea, some women experience nosebleeds every time. For a reason, libido and reproductive function may decrease in women.

If a woman of childbearing age had normal periods at first and then became scanty, this is a serious cause for concern and for establishing the cause of menstrual dysfunction.

Scanty periods after childbirth

Very often, women experience scanty periods after childbirth, if the mother for some reason does not breastfeed the baby. Then menstruation begins after 6-8 weeks, and often physiologically they can be either abundant or irregular, and the first menstruation after childbirth can be in the form of brown discharge. After pregnancy and childbirth, the body does not have time to rebuild and the hormonal background gradually normalizes over several menstrual cycles.

Sometimes in some women, even with lactation, it is possible to restore the menstrual cycle, especially when the baby switches to complementary foods. Prolactin responsible for lactation is not produced, this leads to ovulation and the appearance of menstruation in a woman. The appearance of scanty periods after childbirth for several cycles is a variant of the norm, but if it becomes permanent, this is a cause for concern, as it may indicate an exacerbation of gynecological chronic diseases or be the result of other disorders in the body.

After scraping

Any intrauterine intervention -), diagnostic curettage, removal of polyps, etc., can cause meager periods. Since such an intervention also disrupts the hormonal balance, and leads to the inferiority of the endometrium. If, in addition to a violation of the menstrual cycle, after curettage there is also an unpleasant odor, pain, fever, a woman should immediately consult a doctor, since the cause may be an inflammatory process due to unsuccessful surgical manipulation, incomplete removal of the membranes, as well as a possible infectious and inflammatory process that began after an abortion or diagnostic curettage.

The main causes of hypomenorrhea

The most serious and frequent pathological cause of hypomenorrhea in women of reproductive age is dysfunction of the ovaries and pituitary gland, which are the regulators of menstrual function. So, for example, pituitary insufficiency - Sheehan's syndrome, can lead to a complete absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) or to other menstrual disorders.

Ovarian dysfunction

K can lead to various inflammatory processes, hormonal disruptions, external factors:

Various inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs

These are inflammation of the uterine appendages - adnexitis (salpingoophoritis), inflammation of the ovaries - oophoritis, caused by various pathogens, STIs. They can arise from severe hypothermia, frequent improper douching (), other infectious diseases leading to the transfer of the pathogen from the bloodstream from other organs to the female genital organs.

• Psychological overwork, nervous overstrain, irrational mode of rest and work, physical and psychological overwork.
• Mini-abortion, medical abortion, spontaneous miscarriage, especially during the first pregnancy, when abrupt hormonal changes occur - all this provokes the development of stable ovarian dysfunction.
• Underdevelopment of the genital organs, abnormal development of the uterus and uterine appendages.
• External factors such as taking certain medications, radiation damage, climate change, excessive exposure to sunlight, or overuse of tanning beds.
• Incorrectly selected oral contraceptives or their long-term use contributes to the weakening of ovarian function (see the negative consequences of taking oral contraceptives in the article about)
• Obesity, and thyroid can be the cause of ovarian dysfunction.

Tuberculosis of the female genital organs

Less often, tuberculosis of the female genital organs can be the cause of scanty periods. This diagnosis is established, diagnosed in ordinary clinics and hospitals very rarely, since this is done only in anti-tuberculosis dispensaries, in which today, for some reason, there are not enough qualified phthisiatricians - gynecologists and there is no one to deal with diagnostics.

Therefore, such a formidable, serious disease, which both girls from early childhood and mature women can suffer from, remains undiagnosed. There are no exact, 100% diagnostic methods for tuberculosis of the genital organs, this is an extremely difficult to diagnose disease, and the symptoms may either be absent or mild, this is the insidiousness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

If female genital tuberculosis develops in a girl at an early age, she may not develop mammary glands (hypomastia), there may be abnormalities in the development of the uterus, or there may be amenorrhea - the complete absence of menstruation, as well as scanty periods and an irregular menstrual cycle. In the future, such a woman has persistent primary infertility. Moreover, radiography of the lungs in such cases is usually normal.

Sometimes, especially after childbirth or surgical interventions, a woman may develop acute transient tuberculosis of the genital organs, with high fever and severe course. There may also be sluggish tuberculosis of the genital organs, with periods of remission and exacerbations, when a woman has been sick for years and does not know what is the true cause of ailments and infertility, while there may be general symptoms that are no different from signs of inflammatory processes of the uterine appendages:

• intermittent (in phase 2) or constant subfebrile temperature
• weakness, increased sweating
• occurrence of various allergic reactions
• psycho-emotional disorders - increased nervousness, decreased concentration, hysteria
• decreased appetite
• chronic salpingitis, salpingo-oophoritis, difficult to treat
• menstrual irregularities, no or brown discharge instead of menstruation, rare menstruation
• infertility (see)

Uterine causes

Any inflammatory diseases of the uterus and uterine appendages may be accompanied by hypomenorrhea. In addition to inflammatory processes, the following factors influence the nature of menstruation:

• Scars on the uterus after various gynecological operations - removal of fibroids, partial removal of the uterus, caesarean section, as well as the presence of an adhesive process - reduces the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe endometrium, which determines the amount of blood discharge during menstruation.
• The inferiority of the endometrium can also be caused by various diagnostic intrauterine manipulations, frequent medical abortions.
• Endometriosis, uterine fibroids, tumors of the uterus or ovaries, as well as cancer treatment - radiation and chemotherapy can also affect the nature of menstruation.
• The use of hormonal contraceptives can also lead to progressive atrophy of the endometrium.

genetic features

Minor bleeding during menstruation in some women may be a genetic feature. If the mother, aunt, grandmother, sisters always have a small amount of discharge during menstruation, then this can be considered normal. Most often in such cases, scanty periods do not affect pregnancy and the likelihood of infertility.

Hormonal causes

Not only hormonal contraceptives, the lack of female sex hormones can be the cause of menstrual dysfunction, but other hormonal disorders can also affect the female body as a whole. Hypomenorrhea, lack of ovulation can also occur due to the following hormonal disorders or changes:

• Endocrine diseases, when, for example, the level of thyroid hormones decreases
• Diabetes
• breastfeeding when

Emotional reasons

Psychological factors have a huge impact on the state of the whole organism, the immune system, hormonal levels. Both negative emotions, stress, strong feelings, and too violent positive emotions affect the centers of the brain, which have a stimulating effect on the ovaries. The ovaries are designed to produce hormones - estrogen and which are responsible for the growth of the endometrium. With severe stress, excessive excitement, the functions of these centers in the brain can be suppressed, respectively, there is a suppression and stimulation of the ovaries. Reduced or no production of estrogen leads to scanty periods.

Other reasons

• Excessive exercise, any serious injury
• Anemia, vitamin deficiency, metabolic disorders
• Stress, climate change, lifestyle changes, nutrition
• Rapid weight loss due to diet, exhaustion, anorexia
• Severe infectious diseases with general intoxication of the body
• The presence of occupational hazard - radioactive radiation, chemicals.