People with outstanding memory. Phenomenal memory - what is it? Types, principle of operation, methods of development

05.03.2020

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There are only a few dozen people living on the entire planet who have phenomenal memory and can remember even the smallest details of their infancy, while most people have no memory of themselves at such an early age. The incredibly large amount of memory is due to a syndrome that is associated with the concept of hyperthymesia.

Hyperthymesia, or hyperthymestic syndrome call a person’s ability to remember and reproduce an extremely high amount of information about his life. This ability affects only autobiographical memory. In medicine, they still cannot determine the status of this phenomenon and sometimes associate it with hypermnesia, that is, a similar ability that affects all types and forms of memory.

Let's find out more about this...

The term “hyperthymesia” appeared not so long ago, in 2006. A group of scientists then put forward a hypothesis about the characteristics of this disorder. Thus, a person who develops hyperthymestic syndrome spends an abnormal amount of time thinking about his past, resulting in the ability to recall certain events from his life.

While phenomenal memory developed with the help of mnemonic techniques is not considered a pathology, if we are talking about remembering the necessary information and data, then scientists consider hyperthymesia to be a deviation. Patients with this syndrome have uncontrolled and unconscious associations when seeing certain objects or dates, as a result of which the person remembers with accuracy any day of his life.

One of the famous people who developed hyperthymesia is Marilu Henner(born 1952), American actress and producer.

As for Marilu Henner, whose phenomenon is now being actively studied by specialists, her earliest memories date back to the age of 18 months. On this day, as the woman recalls, she was playing with her brother. Interestingly, it was previously believed that a person cannot remember what happened to him before he was two years old.

After this event, she can talk about how she spent any of her days, what she talked about, what programs were on TV, etc. So, if an ordinary person remembers about 250 faces throughout his life, then Henner remembers thousands of them. From this, scientists also concluded that long-term memory is not selective, and all events that are processed by short-term memory go into long-term storage.

The process of remembering for Marilu Henner requires absolutely no effort. This, as experts say, is akin to an ideal video editor that can accurately recreate any fragment of a recording.

American Jill Price- she remembers absolutely all the events of her life, starting from the age of 14 - if you name an arbitrary date, Jill will reproduce what happened to her that day, what the weather was like, what important events happened in the world.

Her phenomenal abilities were confirmed by scientists at the University of California, Irvine in 2006. Since then, thanks to increased interest in research in this area, hyperthymesia has been confirmed in five more people.

In total, according to scientists, by 2014 it was possible to identify about 50 people with such incredible abilities to remember in detail any day of their lives. Scientists are currently unable to accurately identify the causes of this syndrome, but this may be due to the fact that in patients the temporal lobes and caudate nucleus in the brain are enlarged in size.

Neuroscientists study the characteristics of the brain. As part of the search for people with good memory, more than two thousand people were studied at the California Neuroscience Center. They were asked sixty questions, which only people who remembered everything could answer.

Due to the fact that there are very few people with hyperthymesia, there is practically no data on the occurrence of this ability. Some scientists consider absolute memory a myth and the desire of people to believe in their limitless capabilities. Professor of the history of psychology at the University of Groningen, Douwe Draaisma, writes in his “Book of Forgetting” that “most of our experiences leave no trace in the brain.”

Douet also notes that “people tend to compare memory to something that has become a symbol of preservation for them personally, such as a computer or a photograph. And for forgetting, other metaphors are used: a sieve, a colander. But they all assume that storing in memory and forgetting are opposite processes, and, accordingly, one excludes the other. In fact, forgetting is mixed into our memories like yeast into dough.

The professor applies a medieval metaphor to memory - a palimpsest, i.e. a reused piece of parchment.

“Parchment was expensive, and therefore the old texts were scraped off or washed off and a new text was written on top, after a while the old text began to appear through the new text. ...a palimpsest is a very good image of the layering of memories: new information comes, old information is erased, but in principle, old information is hidden in new.

Your memories also resonate in your experiences, and for this reason you cannot describe a memory as a direct copy of what you experienced. They are absorbed by what is already there.” (Based on materials from “Het geheugen is ongezeglijk.” - de Volkskrant, 03.11.10, p. 48-49.)

Most of us, however, are not “lucky” to have absolute memory. And, while scientists are arguing whether hyperthymesia is a disease or a semantic feature of the body, we have the power to make our memory good, because no one disputes the possibility of training it.

Modern people live in an era of intensive information exchange. In order to quickly assimilate large amounts of data, you should train your memory daily. However, there are people who easily remember a huge amount of information and do not suffer from mental overload. This phenomenon is called “phenomenal memory”.

What is phenomenal memory

Contrary to popular misconception, the ability to memorize a large amount of information in a matter of seconds is not only the “chosen ones”. Any mentally healthy person, with any level of intelligence, can develop these unique abilities. Gender, age and social status do not matter.

The ability to assimilate and accurately memorize a large amount of data that has no semantic connection can be considered phenomenal. This means that a person with this ability can retain in his brain for a long time a “photograph” of any visual image: text in his native or foreign language, a picture, a combination of numbers and symbols.

This unusual phenomenon, the definition of which is found in all psychology textbooks, can be caused by the following reasons:

Genetic predisposition;
Congenital anomalies in the development of certain areas of the cerebral cortex;
Classes with young children using early development methods;
High brain speed.

People demonstrate unique abilities in remembering different types of information: some have a brilliant auditory memory (or, in musical terms, “absolute pitch”), some can remember a large written text at a glance, others can retell a long story in great detail, heard only once. Some psychologists consider unique memory abilities an anomaly. This is debatable. However, one cannot but agree that people with such talent (especially children and adolescents) require an individual approach. Despite their abilities, they are often poor students at school, feel uncomfortable in a group, and may have difficulty adapting socially.

Is it really possible to develop it?

Sometimes phenomenal memory is an innate property of a particular person, but in 80% of 100 it can be successfully developed with the help of targeted training. For the work to be successful, you must remember that:

During training, the brain should not experience overload;
The program for the development of unique abilities must correspond to the person’s age. You cannot offer children tasks for adults. However, for adults who are just beginning to develop memory, children's tasks are quite suitable;
Training will be more effective if you additionally take medications that improve cerebral circulation. Before taking any medications, you should consult a neurologist;
Classes should follow the rule “from simple to complex,” but not vice versa.

In order for visual images to be easily remembered, they must be bright, simple and easy to understand. At the same time, the image should contain a large number of small details. This is necessary for developing concentration.

Intensive reading contributes to the active development of unique abilities. You can choose any literature in your native or foreign language, the main thing is to read thoughtfully, paying attention to details, and not miss anything. Then what you read will be stored in your head down to the smallest detail.

Exercises and methods for memorizing information

In order to keep a large amount of data in your head, you can use different methods. They are all quite simple, but effective. Typically, psychologists recommend the following techniques:

Association method. For example, to remember a phone number, you need to find numbers associated with some important event or image (a relative’s birthday, your own age, the current year);
Mnemonics - used to keep in mind a group of words that are not related to each other in meaning. It is necessary to compose a sentence from these words and present it visually;
Mental creation of a colored, colorful image based on a text read or heard;
Development of reading speed and concentration on what is read.

These methods can be alternated with each other and used in different situations, depending on the type of information to be remembered. In order to develop fast musical memory, psychologists recommend listening to music as often as possible and trying to reproduce what you hear with your voice or using any instrument.

Attention! Daily training for 10-15 minutes will be much more useful than training 2-3 times a week for an hour. Exercising too much intensely can overload your brain. After each lesson, it is necessary to carry out mental and physical relaxation.

Development of phenomenal memory in children

It is not difficult to train a child, the main thing is to adhere to a certain system of classes. You can work on developing unique memory abilities from early childhood. Starting from three months, when the baby begins to actively explore the world around him, he needs to be introduced to bright, expressive images and told in detail about them. It is known that a child, not yet able to speak, already holds a huge amount of information in his head, so one should not underestimate the importance of intensive intellectual development up to one year. Classes on the formation of visual memory should be alternated with the development of tactile and auditory memory. Early learning of reading and foreign languages gives good results, but it should be carried out under the guidance of a professional teacher familiar with the psychology of young children and with advanced methods of preschool education.

Learning to read quickly is very useful for schoolchildren. Slow reading syllable by syllable with fixation on the process itself often leads to the child poorly remembering what he read. Speed reading, on the contrary, helps the student mentally “photograph” the text and “scan” its meaning. However, such classes are strictly contraindicated for students with serious speech and writing impairments.

Interesting. When working with children who cannot read and write, one should take into account the individual characteristics of a particular child. Some children have better developed visual perception of information (they remember pictures they see well), others have better auditory perception (they learn words better).

Examples of people with such memory

Phenomenal memory is a phenomenon characteristic of many outstanding personalities. It is known that such abilities at different times were possessed by:

Physicist Nicolo Tesla;
Composer and pianist Sergei Rachmaninov;
Pope John Paul II;
Garry Kasparov, famous chess player;
Julius Caesar, ancient Roman emperor.

It is noteworthy that most outstanding individuals with super abilities were just as successful in other areas (for example, Julius Caesar was not only an influential politician, but also an excellent commander). Therefore, psychology experts who consider extraordinary memory an anomaly are not always right.

Books on the topic

The book by Stanislav Matveev is worthy of attention (on some sites the author is erroneously presented as “Matvey”). In his work, Stanislav shares methods of memorizing information and uses practical examples to prove that anyone, not just a personality-phenomenon, can achieve fast and high-quality memorization of information.

An interesting method of work is proposed by Konstantin Dudin. His method can be found online. According to Dudin, in order to have supermemory, you must, first of all, learn to forget unnecessary information, that is, to make room for new, more relevant information. This will help relieve the brain during memorization and save you from overload. Dudin's course includes a separate section on forgetting.

Harry Lorraine's course is very popular in the West; it can be recommended to students of any age, adapting the exercises to a specific target audience.

It is recommended to start memory training for boys and girls from childhood, then it will be possible to achieve the desired results faster and better. However, it is possible to develop phenomenal talents for memorization in a person both in adolescence and adulthood. The main thing is perseverance, perseverance and working according to the system, in accordance with the chosen methodology.

Video

There are only a few dozen people on the entire planet who have phenomenal memories and can remember even the smallest details from their infancy, while most people have absolutely no memory of themselves at such an early age. The incredibly large amount of memory is due to a syndrome that is associated with the concept of hyperthymesia.

Hyperthymesia, or hyperthymestic syndrome, is the ability of a person to remember and reproduce an extremely high amount of information about his life. This ability affects only autobiographical memory. In medicine, they still cannot determine the status of this phenomenon and sometimes associate it with hypermnesia, that is, a similar ability that affects all types and forms of memory.

One famous person who develops hyperthymesia is Marilu Henner (born 1952), an American actress and producer.

The process of remembering for Marilu Henner requires absolutely no effort. This, as experts say, is akin to an ideal video editor that can accurately recreate any fragment of a recording.

American Jill Price - she remembers absolutely all the events of her life, starting from the age of 14 - if you name an arbitrary date, Jill will reproduce what happened to her that day, what the weather was like, what important events happened in the world. Her phenomenal abilities were confirmed by scientists at the University of California, Irvine in 2006. Since then, thanks to increased interest in research in this area, hyperthymesia has been confirmed in five more people.

It is believed that the planet is home to between four and twenty people with supermemories. The most famous of them is Los Angeles resident Jill Price, who wrote a book about herself, “The Woman Cannot Forget.” The American city turned out to be rich in unusual talents: the second owner of absolute memory, Bob Petrell, also lives in Los Angeles.

Two more people with officially recognized supermemory also live in the United States: Brad Williams and actress Marilu Henner. The latter is notable for the fact that she remembers herself from the age of 18 months - this contradicts the opinion of scientists that a person is not able to reproduce the events of his life that happened to him before the age of two.

The professor applies a medieval metaphor to memory - a palimpsest, i.e. a reused piece of parchment. “Parchment was expensive, and therefore the old texts were scraped off or washed off and a new text was written on top, after a while the old text began to appear through the new text. ...a palimpsest is a very good image of the layering of memories: new information comes, old information is erased, but in principle, the old information is hidden in the new. Your memories also resonate in your experiences, and for this reason you cannot describe a memory as a direct copy of what you experienced. They are absorbed by what is already there.” (Based on materials from “Het geheugen is ongezeglijk.” - de Volkskrant, 03.11.10, p. 48-49.)

Many people, back in school, dreamed of not spending hours memorizing poems, but memorizing them immediately after the first reading. In fact, people with such phenomenal memory exist, and it is called eidetic, photographic or visual. For those around them, they are real talents, they are admired, they want to be like them. But psychologists and especially psychotherapists do not all share such enthusiasm, because they consider this ability to be a serious deviation.

So what exactly is eidetic memory - a sign of genius that is worth being proud of, or a pathology that needs to be treated?

What it is

Eidetic memory is a type of memory that allows you to retain a visual image and then reproduce it in the smallest detail. At the same time, other sensory modalities are also connected: visualization is followed by tactile, gustatory, auditory, olfactory and motor memories. Another feature is long-term preservation and random recreation of all this at the right moments. Many years may pass after the event, but a person, if desired, is able to experience it just as vividly again and again.

Photographic memory is distinguished primarily by the detail of visual images. All people probably remember the shot from the film “Titanic”, where the main characters stand at the stern of the ship, arms spread wide. But few people will immediately answer whether Rose was wearing jewelry at that moment, how much and what kind exactly, what kind of pattern was on her scarf, whether her hair was braided in her hair and many other little things. An eidetic person, even if he watched the film many years ago, can easily tell about them. He will also add about what color the sky was and what chains the young people held on to so as not to fall.

Visual eidetism can be innate (explicit), and then the person possessing it becomes a real phenomenon for everyone around him. It can also be developed throughout life and achieve considerable results. Perhaps not as impressive as those of natural geniuses, but sufficient to successfully memorize large amounts of visual information.

Origin of the word. The term “eidetic” comes from the ancient Greek word “εἶδος,” which translates as “image, appearance.” This reflects its basic essence - the ability to remember and reproduce visual objects.

Main characteristics

Visualization + sensory

Reproduction of visual images first of all, all others are secondary and only follow visualization. The eidetic initially remembers the picture: a sandy beach, a blue ocean, a sun lounger, vacationers, palm trees. When he introduces her after a while, he will be able to tell what he was holding in his hands at that moment (touch), how bitter the cocktail was (taste), what his companion said (hearing), what perfume she was wearing at that moment (smell) and even how hot the sun was (“body memory”).

Detailing

The smallest depiction of images: details that no one pays attention to are remembered. For example, how many buttons were on the jacket or how many lines were on the page. First of all, these nuances concern the visual image. It’s not for nothing that eidetic memory is also called photographic. It’s as if a person takes out a snapshot of an event in his head and describes it.

Involuntary retention

Initially, a person does not set himself the task of remembering something specific; all this is deposited in his consciousness on its own. However, this property is characteristic only of born eidetics. Those who develop their photographic memory, of course, do it purposefully.

Random Play

A person can remember the desired image at any time.

Large volumes

Naturally born eidetics, as a rule, simply have an endless storage of memory. That is why they surprise others by the fact that they can easily speak 20 different languages, accurately quote classics, and know all of Shakespeare by heart.

Brightness of images

Conventional memory is characterized by the gradual erasure of images. Years later, we vaguely imagine the faces of people we haven’t seen for too long, we forget their names, and we barely remember the circumstances of our acquaintance. Eidetics, having experienced something once, will never forget it. If at the age of 20 they were introduced to some mutual acquaintance with whom they never even crossed paths, at 50 they can easily tell what his name was, what he was wearing and what timbre of his voice he had.

Degrees

There are 5 degrees of severity of eidetism:

Requires pinning to play.
Weak visual images.
Visual images of medium clarity with the appearance of some particular details.
Clear, complete images of complex objects interspersed with sensory modalities.
Vivid, detailed eidetic imagery accompanied by clear sensory modalities.

By zero, this implies a short-term preservation of a vague afterimage without detail.

Obvious eidetics with 5 degrees of severity are divided into 2 more types:

“T-type”: have persistent and overly vivid eidetic images, which can be intrusive and border on hallucinations. They are not always able to control them.
“B-type”: they reproduce the desired image only when necessary.

It is believed that obvious eidetics can be easily identified in a crowd by certain facial expressions and movements.

How to develop

Those who do not have innate eidetic abilities should not be upset, because this type of memory can be developed. How quickly this can be done depends on individual characteristics and frequency of training.

Aivazovsky method

It is believed that the artist I.K. Aivazovsky had eidetic memory. He could mentally not only reproduce a picture of a seascape in motion, but also stop it at any moment. This is what allowed him to depict the storm, waves, splashes, colors of the sky and other details of seascape painting with such precision.

In psychology there is even a separate method for developing eidetic memory, which bears his name. It's quite simple to master:

Choose one item.
Watch him closely for 4-5 minutes.
Close your eyes, mentally imagine it and describe it to the smallest detail (color, size, shape, details).
Open your eyes, compare the real and the images reproduced in your thoughts, notice what was missed.
Repeat the exercise from the very beginning.
Do this until the images completely match.

Each time you need to choose more complex objects (you can start with a TV and end with a picture) and gradually reduce the observation time.

Exercises to develop photographic memory

Exercise 1. Unforced observation

While walking, count the number of houses on both sides of the street, the floors in them, shops, trees, cars parked in the parking lot and other little things that can be counted. Save your findings on the way back. At home, reproduce all the numbers you remember.

Exercise 2. Associations

When memorizing any information, present it in the form of pictures. Moreover, they must be built on incredible associations that cannot exist in life. Psychologists say that this is one of the most effective techniques to improve eidetic memory in a short time. Example. You need to buy milk, a loaf of bread and toilet paper at the store. We present the following phantasmagoria: a loaf of bread, dressed (wrapped) in toilet paper, drinks milk.

Exercise 3. Textual criticism

The goal is to develop photographic memory for texts.

Print out an A4 sheet with text you are unfamiliar with. Read it carefully and remember it as much as possible. Ask someone to add 2-3 new words to it and print it out again. The task is to find fresh inclusions as quickly as possible.

Exercise 4. Palindromes

Read all signs and names out loud backwards.

To develop eidetic memory, numerous board and online games “Find 10 differences/cat/words/objects”, “Paired pictures”, and any attentiveness tests are also suitable.

Neurobics

Helps train eidetic memory and neurobics - gymnastics for the brain. The most effective exercises:

Constantly go to the same place (to work, to the store) using different routes and at the same time do the casual observation exercise (see above).
Once a week, from morning to evening, do all the manipulations that you are used to performing with your right hand with your left (brush your teeth, hold a spoon, write).
Once a day, read a highly intelligent text on a topic about which you understand nothing. Try to delve into every word and grasp the meaning.
When answering someone's questions, watch the construction of your speech. Speak as if you were writing an essay. At the same time, everything said must be clearly reproduced in the head in the form of text.
Mute the TV and try to understand what is being said on the screen. Then test yourself (recordings of the programs can be found on the Internet).

So you don't have to be born with the phenomenon of photographic memory. You can develop it yourself. Of course, it will not be as bright and voluminous as that of eidetics, but you can learn to quickly memorize and reproduce a sufficient amount of information.

The problem of eidetism

Since the Serbian scientist V. Urbancic first described this phenomenon in 1907, many researchers have remained interested in eidetic memory. It was even a separate object of study at the Marburg School of Psychology in Germany (headed by E. Jensch) in the middle of the 20th century. The works of L. S. Vygotsky, M. P. Kononova, A. R. Luria, S. L. Rubinstein and many other leading psychologists and psychotherapists are dedicated to her.

There is ongoing debate about eidetism in scientific circles. The fact is that in psychology it is simply a separate type of memory, like social, spatial, sensory. Yes, it is unusual, different from others, but nevertheless amenable to qualitative characterization and even developed using separate techniques. New eidotechniques are appearing that allow one to train this ability.

However, this phenomenon is treated quite differently in psychiatry. Let us immediately make a reservation that only innate, obvious eidetism is affected here, and not photographic memory, which was developed through special techniques. There are a number of scientists who consider this ability to be a serious organic pathology. What arguments do they use to prove their views?

Firstly, the amount of memory required to store images occupies certain brain structures, changing the biochemical and physiological properties of its cells. Neuroscientists from the University of California compared the eidetic to a computer with an additional hard drive installed. On the one hand, it increases productivity. On the other hand, it slows down other processes, and this can no longer be called the norm.

Secondly, M.P. Kononova, who studied children with congenital and acquired (developed to a certain level) eidetic memory, found that the former often suffered from hallucinations. This was subsequently proven by other scientists in adults. Jaensch at one time demanded that in the treatment of hallucinations, along with medical indicators, the patient’s eidetic abilities should also be taken into account.

Thirdly, a connection has been identified between epilepsy and eidetism. It turned out that almost always before, during and after an attack, epileptics reproduce vivid visual images from the past, accompanied by secondary sensory modalities. True, they almost always turn out somewhat deformed due to the underlying disease.

I. Schultz described cases of schizophrenia with subsequent suicidal attempts, which were dictated by attachment to a specific eidetic image.

Based on all this, many psychiatrists argue that innate eidetic memory is a pathology that requires constant monitoring by a specialist. Unfortunately, this confirms the fact that most famous people who have it simultaneously suffer from serious disabilities (most often mental): dementia, savantism, epilepsy, autism, hallucinosis, and brain defects.

Advice. If you want to learn more about eidetic people, watch the movie “Rain Man,” in which the main character Raymond makes complex calculations in his head and can remember any combination of numbers. But at the same time he suffers from autism and dementia and spends most of his life in a psychiatric hospital.

This film image is “copied” from a real person - Kim Peak. This is an American who reproduced with amazing accuracy up to 98% of all the information he read. And subsequently he did not forget her. By the end of his life, he practically remembered 9,000 works by heart. He was born with a disproportionately huge head, as there was a cranial hernia the size of a baseball on the back of his head. His cerebellum was damaged and the corpus callosum, which connects the right and left hemispheres, was completely absent. Against the background of all these defects, brain neurons independently created new circuits that replaced the missing parts. The result is a multiple increase in memory capacity due to pathological interhemispheric commissures.

People with photographic memory

Nikola Tesla

Inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering, physicist, scientist, engineer of Serbian origin. I almost never wrote anything down because I memorized everything. In 1885, his laboratory burned down, but this only caused material damage: Tesla was able to restore all devices, circuits and formulas.

Mary Elizabeth Bowser

An American, she took part in the Civil War and was a professional and irreplaceable spy. She worked as a servant for Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederacy. She remembered all his conversations and contacts down to the smallest detail and passed on the information to his opponents.

Theodore Roosevelt

US President, politician. He constantly trained his eidetic memory and was very successful in this. Every day I read several works, and before going to bed I reproduced in the smallest detail not only their plot, but also their descriptions (landscapes, interior, appearance of the characters).

Sergei Rachmaninov

Russian composer, conductor, pianist. It was enough for him to look at the notes once to play the most complex piece of music without a single mistake, without ever looking at them again.

John Paul II

Pope. He was fluent in 21 languages and fluent in 100 different dialects.

Ferdinand Marcos

President of the Philippines. He accurately recited the full text of his country's Constitution by heart. He was an excellent speaker, as he remembered speeches written for him the first time.

Marilu Henner

American actress, producer, presenter. Has an incredible amount of memory. She thoroughly remembers the smallest details of her life, starting... with baptism in infancy.

Stephen Wiltshire, a British artist, after a short helicopter ride, recreated from memory the architectural appearance of New York in the form of a panorama

An example can also be given:

Seneca (Roman philosopher) - could reproduce from memory up to 2,000 words, unrelated to each other, in exact order.
Winston Churchill (British politician) - knew all of Shakespeare's works by heart.
Bill Gates (creator of Microsoft) - knew hundreds of programming language codes by heart.
G. Schliemann (archaeologist) - ideally learned any language in 6 weeks.
Paul Morphy and Paul Sens (chess players) remembered all the moves of the games they played.
Stephen Wiltshire (British artist) - after one single helicopter ride over the city, he can draw its plan in detail.
Daniel Tammet - reproduces 22,514 decimal places of Pi.
Paulo Prentice (Tasmanian telephone operator) - knows 128,000 telephone numbers and addresses by heart.

There is also a legend that Gaius Julius Caesar (ancient Roman commander, politician, writer, consul, dictator, great pontiff) knew by sight every soldier in his army. And there were no more than 25,000 of them. However, exactly the same story is told about Alexander the Great. So it is not known for certain which of them had this ability.

Eidetic memory is a unique phenomenon. It can make a person a real genius, admired by everyone, and at the same time be accompanied by serious mental disorders. Scientists have yet to figure out its nature. In the meantime, there is nothing left but, inspired by the examples of gifted people, to develop it in yourself through games, exercises, eido- and mnemonics.