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Types and characteristics of interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal interaction as a relationship between people What is a formal interpersonal relationship
Interpersonal relationships are relationships between individuals. They are often accompanied by emotional experiences and express the inner world of a person.
Interpersonal relationships are divided into the following types:
1) official and unofficial;
2) business and personal;
3) rational and emotional;
4) subordination and parity.
Official (formal) refer to relationships that arise on an official basis and are regulated by statutes, regulations, orders, and laws. These are relationships that have a legal basis. People enter into such relationships because of their position, and not out of personal likes or dislikes for each other. Informal (informal) relationships develop on the basis of personal relationships between people and are not limited to any official framework.
Business relationships arise from people working together. They can be service relationships based on the distribution of responsibilities between members of the organization or production team.
Personal relationships are relationships between people that develop in addition to their joint activities. You can respect or disrespect your colleague, feel sympathy or antipathy for him, be friends with him or be at enmity. Therefore, personal relationships are based on the feelings that people have towards each other. Therefore, personal relationships are subjective. There are relationships of acquaintance, partnership, friendship and intimate relationships. Acquaintance- these are relationships when we know people by name, we can enter into superficial contact with them, talk to them. Partnership- these are closer positive and equal relationships that develop with many people on the basis of common interests and views for the sake of spending leisure time in companies. Friendship- these are even closer selective relationships with people, based on trust, affection, and common interests. Intimate relationships are a type of personal relationship. Intimate relationships are relationships in which another person is entrusted with the most intimate things. These relationships are characterized by closeness, frankness, and affection for each other.
Rational relationships are relationships based on reason and calculation; they are built on the basis of the expected or real benefit from the established relationship. Emotional relationships, on the contrary, are based on emotional perceptions of each other, often without taking into account objective information about the person. Therefore, rational and emotional relationships most often do not coincide. Thus, one can dislike a person, but enter into rational relationships with him for the benefit of a common goal or personal gain.
Subordinate relationships are relationships of leadership and subordination, that is, unequal relationships in which some people have a higher status (position) and more rights than others. This is the relationship between a leader and subordinates. In contrast to this parity relationships mean equality between people. Such people are not subordinate to each other and act as independent individuals.
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- 1.6. Types of communication
There are direct and indirect communication. Direct communication involves personal contacts and direct perception of each other by communicating people. Indirect communication occurs through intermediaries, for example, during negotiations between warring parties - 14.3. Affection and Friendship
Attachment is a feeling of closeness based on sympathy for someone, mutual attraction to each other. As a result, such people prefer communication with each other to contacts with other people. - 17.5. Personal characteristics of the teacher that make it difficult to communicate with students
Such characteristics include hot temper, straightforwardness, harshness, haste, heightened pride, stubbornness, self-confidence, lack of a sense of humor, touchiness, simplicity, slowness, dryness, disorganization. Hot temper and self-confidence are more typical for older teachers - 1.2. With whom do we communicate, or In what case should we talk about communication?
When considering the essence of communication, two erroneous, in my opinion, positions are observed: in some cases, some acts of interaction between people are not included in the category of communication, and in other cases they are considered communication - 8.5. Guilt
Guilt is a complex psychological phenomenon, closely related to such a moral quality as conscience, and in implicit consciousness is designated as “remorse.” Western psychologists distinguish the state of guilt and the state of guilt. IN - Commandments of pedagogical communication (according to V. A. Kan-Kalik, 1987)
The pedagogical process is based on the relationship between the teacher and children; it is these relationships that are primary in pedagogical interaction. When organizing pedagogical communication, one cannot proceed only from pedagogical goals
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The Russian language has the word “attitude”, which comes from the verb “to relate”. This verb implies that one person is taking something to another person.
But what is specific is that we are not talking about a thing that belongs to another person, but about something ideal, about something that can only exist in a person’s mind (in his thoughts, emotions, in his assessments and ideas).
Therefore, if we talk about relationships, we must mean a certain subjective connection that arises in an individual with any external object, be it a thing or another individual.
This is manifested in how the individual reacts emotionally to the object of his relationship, how he categorizes it and what patterns of behavior he develops regarding the object.
A.V. Kirichuk believes that this is an integral system consisting of selective connections of an individual with the surrounding reality. This concept should be understood as those meanings that certain phenomena, objects or people carry for a person. The experience of interacting with an object shapes a person’s attitude towards this object and towards himself.
Interpersonal interactions are those subjective connections that arise and develop between individuals and that influence the ways in which mutual influences are exerted during interactions.
V.N. Kunitsina believes that relationships are connections formed between objects, quantities and actions, as well as the interconnection of various elements of a single system, as well as the interaction of different systems with each other.
By personal relationships she understands the subjective connections that exist between individuals.
V.A. Sosnin understands personal relationships not only as the subjective mutual views of people, which are manifested in the methods of their mutual influences, which turn out to be objects of relations in the process of common activity.
It is also a whole system of expectations, attitudes and stereotypes that people have towards each other. From business relationships, as well as from social ones, interpersonal relationships often become psychological or expressive, since they deeply affect the emotional sphere of consciousness.
E.O. Smirnova believes that interpersonal relationships are not necessarily only dyadic, but they also arise between people united by the ties of one group - for example, between family members, members of a team or group at work.
In such circumstances, these relationships are expressed in the influence they exert on each other during various types of joint activities or communication.
People belonging to different social, economic, ethnic and other groups form interactions in different ways that influence the individual's self-realization and help him discover his individual capabilities.
Basic principles
The relationships that arise between different people during interaction are based on the following principles:
- application of generally accepted moral standards;
- awareness of one's individual personality;
- knowing the personality of another person at the level of empathy;
- accepting that person's identity.
Interpersonal contacts are connections formed between people, and these connections can be either conscious or unconscious. The basis of emerging contacts are the emotions that arise towards one’s partner in the process of joint activity.
Components of interpersonal interactions
Interpersonal relationships consist of three components: there is an informational (cognitive) component, an affective component and a behavioral component.
The presence of an information element implies what a person likes or dislikes in the contacts that have arisen.
The affective element is manifested in the emotions people experience in relation to the relationships that arise.
The emotional component is the main one in interpersonal relationships. It usually includes either positive emotions or negative emotions, as well as various state conflicts, feelings of satisfaction with oneself or a partner, and emotional perceptions of oneself and a partner.
Manifestations of interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal relationships can manifest themselves in different ways.
Conjunctive emotions can be expressed in a variety of positive ones, and if a person demonstrates them, this indicates his readiness for rapprochement. A neutral attitude towards another individual is manifested in indifferent feelings. This can be noticeable by his indifference, indifference, etc.
If a person expresses his negative emotions in various forms, then this indicates that disjunctive feelings have arisen towards his partner, which demonstrates a reluctance to further get closer and communicate. It often happens that interpersonal relationships are ambivalent, that is, very contradictory.
People tend to engage in interpersonal relationships with those with whom they interact. At the same time, they express conventional emotions and feelings in such a way that this either promotes mutual understanding of communication partners or complicates their interaction.
Moreover, people who belong to different groups based on social, professional or ethnic characteristics use different non-verbal communication techniques.
Behavioral components
As for the behavioral component of the system of interpersonal contacts, it manifests itself in specific human actions. If, for example, a person likes his partner, then this will be expressed in friendly behavior, which will be manifested in the desire to provide help and establish productive interaction. If a person does not like a partner, then this will complicate interaction.
There is a huge variety of interpretations that fall between these two behavioral poles. Representatives of different sociocultural groups display the behavioral factor in different ways.
The main mechanism that shapes interactions between individuals is empathy. Empathy is the mechanism by which people get to know each other and develop relationships with each other.
Ya.A. Kolominsky writes that empathy itself is also a structure consisting of three levels.
The first level of (basic) empathy is cognitive empathy, which is the fact that a person understands the emotional state of his partner, and for this he does not need to change his own state.
Level two empathy is emotional empathy. A person not only understands another, but also empathizes with him, which indicates an empathic response.
Level three empathy is cognitive empathy, which can be considered the highest level. It also includes the other two levels. At this level, a person not only understands the emotions of another, and not only empathizes with him, but also tries to help him in actions. This is how a person performs practical assistance in order to provide support to his partner. All these three levels are closely interconnected.
Thus, interpersonal relationships are the mutual connections that are formed between individuals and which are manifested in the way they influence each other.
It is very difficult to imagine people who spend all their time alone, and this is almost impossible, so we all enter into interpersonal contact. What are interpersonal relationships? We will try to explain this and much more below.
We spend most of our lives communicating, constantly coming into contact with different people. Our friends, family, colleagues - all these people surround us every day. We enter into a certain one-on-one communication, through phone calls, through social networks. And all this can be called interpersonal relationships.
Can a person do without interpersonal relationships? The answer is obvious: no. Every person needs communication. Probably, if we refused this, we would no longer be able to fully call ourselves people.
Definition from science
What relationships are called interpersonal from a scientific point of view? Scientists mean by this term a connection, an interaction that occurs between people. The interaction of individuals and members of society can be highly emotional, which helps convey the essence of internal experiences and express their state of mind.
Peculiarities of interpersonal relationships are manifested when building communication, basing communication on completely different manners of communication. This can be done through communication, through various body movements, external image, oral speech, facial expressions and much more. The concept of interpersonal relationships includes three components.
2. Behavioral. The component determines the use of facial expressions, pantomimes, and gestures when speaking. These movements can act as a regulator of the entire atmosphere of the conversation.
3. Cognitive. Everything we feel, imagine, imagine, remember, and think about is part of the cognitive component. This can be considered a kind of identification of one’s personality during communication. The psychology of interpersonal relationships lies precisely in this point, since the main perception of our interlocutor is formed from this.
How does the origin of communication occur?
The basis of interpersonal relationships lies in the extent to which an individual is able to establish connections with other people and find common topics for conversation. It is in this case that signs of interpersonal relationships begin to appear.
The strongest ties are based on complete trust in each other, moral support, as well as confidence in communication and in the fact that no one will be able to use this or that personal information to the detriment of another. With prolonged communication, the distance between people becomes smaller and smaller, so connections deepen more and more. Sometimes this trust can develop into gullibility, and then it becomes very easy to deceive a person.
Types of contact between people
There are a large number of classifications of interpersonal relationships. They are always determined by the degree of closeness of people, the purpose, the environment where this communication takes place, as well as the equality or inequality of the communicants.
Based on the purpose of communication, the forms of interpersonal relationships can be both primary and secondary:
- Primary relationships are those that arise naturally. People get close not because of some benefit, but because they are simply interested in each other.
- Secondary relationships can also be designated as a “fictitious” type, because they are established on the basis of benefit. Very often they arise because someone needs help.
If we consider interpersonal relationships in a team, they can be divided into business and personal. People at work or in the service will build business connections with you, since this communication is necessary within the framework of joint activities, joint production. Personal relationships are not based on this, they are aimed at friendship, intimacy, family, spiritual trust.
The manifestation of interpersonal communication can be rational and emotional. The first case includes relationships between people that are built on logic, reason, calculation, etc. Conflicts in interpersonal relationships most often arise in the emotional manifestation of relationships, since people use emotions, acceptance of others, and biased assessment to a greater extent.
The process of contacting people is also determined by public communication. Social and interpersonal relationships are, of course, not the same thing. There are significant differences between them:
- Social relations develop primarily in society; this is a very broad concept. Interpersonal relationships involve only a few individuals.
- Social connections are objective, unlike interpersonal ones. This means that they are not built on emotions, but have a much more solid foundation.
- Relationships associated with society are independent, while connections between two people always depend on both.
The entire development of interpersonal communication depends only on the skills of a particular person: how inclined he is to communicate and how to make new acquaintances and be interesting in conversation. Maturity on an emotional and psychological level becomes the most important assistant. Author: Lina Egorova
Interpersonal relationships are: no area of life is complete without interaction with people. Types of interpersonal relationships manifest themselves in various areas of an individual’s activity, and also directly affect almost all areas of his life. Communication is the main component of human life. And the quality of interpersonal connections directly affects a person’s standard of living and his psycho-emotional state of mind. After all, it is impossible to live in harmony if there are constantly quarrels with loved ones in the house, misunderstandings arise in relationships with friends, and an unfavorable atmosphere in the team reigns at work. Therefore, for the comprehensive development of personality and the successful organization of one’s own life, it is extremely important to have an established communication function.
“The most important meetings are arranged by souls, even before the bodies of the body meet.
As a rule, these meetings occur at the moment when we reach the limit, when we feel the need to die and be reborn. Meetings await us - but how often do we avoid them ourselves! And when we despair, realizing that we have nothing to lose, or, on the contrary, we enjoy life too much, the unknown appears and our galaxy changes its orbit.”
Paulo Coelho
Absolutely all the people who meet on our way are sent to us for a reason. From all contacts you can either gain some benefit or help another person in some way. Perhaps a new acquaintance was sent to you to gain life experience, or maybe he is destined to become your companion throughout your life. It is necessary to be able to find out the reason why the Universe arranged a meeting with a particular subject. Various types of interpersonal relationships imply the presence of people whose meetings can be called fateful.
What types of interpersonal relationships exist in general? How to achieve harmony in relationships with people around you? And what methods exist to develop the quality of communication? The answers to these questions can be found in this article.
interpersonal relationships are
Interpersonal relationships refer to any type of relationship with other people. As a rule, they reflect the inner world of a person, convey his emotions and moods. Interpersonal relationships imply a complex of different types of communication: verbal and non-verbal, facial expressions, gestures, behavioral characteristics, emotional manifestations and much more.
“Misunderstanding always causes aggression. The degree of aggressiveness can probably be a measure of misunderstanding.”
V. V. Nalimov
The formation of interpersonal relationships begins from the very birth of a person and lasts throughout his life. Initially, an individual learns to build correct interactions with society with the help of parents, educators and teachers. But over time, when the individual’s personality is finally formed, the construction of interpersonal contacts depends purely on the individual’s individual qualities and his ability to communicate.
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
The classification of interpersonal connections is quite extensive. They are divided by purpose and character, and are also differentiated into types and styles.
- According to the purpose, there are primary and secondary interpersonal connections. Primary is the type when people interact with each other on an equal footing, without any specific need. Secondary relationships are carried out when there is a need for certain assistance, the provision of a service by one person to another.
- By nature, interpersonal relationships can be formal or informal (unofficial). Official interactions between people are based on adherence to strict rules and boundaries of communication. There is no right to independently choose a partner. Most often these are relationships between colleagues or business partners. In informal communication, there are no clear behavioral frameworks; the basis of informal interpersonal relationships is a broad emotional base and the right to choose an opponent. In informal relationships, personal preferences dominate, both in terms of who to communicate with and in the choice of topics and method of communication.
- In style, social contacts can also be official (for example, interaction with a work team) or personal (this category includes friendly, friendly interpersonal connections). Personal relationships are more pleasant and varied, richer emotionally than official ones.
“To have a human relationship with someone means to be with him on equal terms, to speak with him confidentially in addition to love; and this is also called friendship.”
Francoise Sagan
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
The division of interpersonal relationships into types is more specific. There are five main types of human connections, interpersonal relationships are:
- Acquaintance. The first and most extensive type of interpersonal relationships. A very large number of people fall into this category. Even people who are familiar to you solely visually, with whom you have never entered into dialogue, belong to this type of relationship.
- Friendly relations. This type is based on mutual affection and the mutual desire of people to maintain relationships, a desire to spend time together.
- Companionship. All participants in this category are united by the presence of a common type of activity. People who maintain friendly contacts are united by a common goal, their communication is aimed at achieving it.
- Friendly relations. In order to achieve them, you need to make a lot of effort and have certain personal qualities. Not all people are able to maintain friendly relations; many do not know friendship in any of its manifestations. This type of interpersonal relationship brings incredible benefits to a person, both emotionally and in the form of moral support and all kinds of assistance.
- Love relationships (romance, passion). Just like friendship, love requires long and hard work to create a favorable background against which such relationships would harmoniously develop. Love is one of the most powerful motivations; it is a great driving force. However, not everyone can comprehend this feeling. And the point is not only in individual qualities, but also in the fact that you may not find a worthy partner.
It should be remembered that each person bears a certain degree of responsibility for any type of relationship: be it interpersonal relationships in the family, in love or friendship, or relationships with colleagues. The success of building relationships depends fifty percent on you; you are half responsible for the final result of communication with a person. This is especially true for such categories of relationships as love and friendship.
“A relationship without responsibility and its awareness is just a hobby, or even worse, a habit. Responsibility cannot show whether you are compatible or not, but it can show the significance of your relationship, but then it’s up to you.”
Nathaniel O'Farrell
SYSTEMS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
In addition to the above types of relationships, there is also a systematic division into rational and emotional relationships, as well as parity and subordination. Let's look at them in more detail:
- Rational relationships. It logically follows that the basis and goal of this type of relationship is the intention to receive benefits. A rational system of relations implies a certain mutual benefit for all participants in the communication.
- Emotional social connections are based on personal preferences, based on sensory contacts, which may not always be positive. Along with friendship and love, emotional relationships also include enmity, antipathy, and hatred.
- Parity contacts - communication between a couple or a group of people in this category is based on equality. The basis of these interpersonal relationships is complete freedom of choice.
- Subordinate relationships are those that have a clear hierarchy. For example, this could be communication between a boss and subordinates.
THE ROLE OF FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
All types of contacts between people are very closely interconnected, for this reason it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them. Also, interpersonal relationships are based on human feelings and emotions. The sensual development of relationships is characterized by both positive and negative emotional manifestations.
When we meet any new person in our lives, we immediately give him an assessment - whether he is sympathetic to us or, on the contrary, extremely antipathetic. Based on this, the foundation for future contacts begins to be laid. All types of interpersonal relationships are built on this principle.
People who have a sense of empathy, know how to empathize and rejoice in the successes of others, are more predisposed to building harmonious relationships with others. Such individuals are conducive to communication, it is pleasant to contact them, you want to continue the connection, and also give in return those positive vibes that come from harmonious, positively minded people.
BASICS OF CORRECT COMMUNICATION
The main problem of interpersonal relationships is a violation of communicative function. If a person does not know how to communicate correctly and is afraid to establish contacts with people, then any type of interpersonal relationships are unlikely to develop successfully.
“Everything in a relationship is about communication. Solve any problems through dialogue."
Ekaterina Makarova
There are several effective tips on how to learn to communicate with people:
There are situations when, during communication, people cannot find the right words, do not know what to talk about and how to build a constructive dialogue. As a result, misunderstandings arise in relationships.
What communication mistakes should you try to avoid so that types of interpersonal relationships are not at risk of unfavorable development?
- Watch your tone, facial expressions and gestures. Avoid an indifferent tone, a bored look, skeptical assessments - such manifestations discourage the desire to continue communication.
- The language barrier. This is not just a problem of people speaking different languages. Also, a language barrier can arise between people with different levels of development, age characteristics and speech culture. For example, you won’t be able to talk with children the same way as with adults, if only because most of the words and terms that adults use in conversation may be unknown to children.
- Manifestations of social phobia. It happens that a person, for inexplicable reasons, feels afraid of communicating with people. This is why awkward situations and pauses arise when trying to establish contact with the interlocutor. If you are faced with a similar problem, then you need to show inner willpower and resilience to work on improving your communication functions.
“The only time in a person’s life when he is objectively dependent and when he can be considered a hostage is his childhood and dependence on his parents. It doesn't last long. In other cases of being in a relationship, it is the adult’s choice.”
Mikhail Labkovsky
Every person is born and lives in society throughout his life. Complete isolation is completely impossible. There are options to trim and reduce the types of interpersonal relationships, leaving only the most necessary areas of social connection. But without successful construction of social communication connections, harmonious personal growth and development is impossible.
“Loving does not mean looking at each other, loving means looking in the same direction” ( Antoine de Saint-Exupery).
Definition of basic concepts.
The structure of interpersonal relationships.
Factors of interpersonal attractiveness.
Types of love.
Definition of basic concepts.Interpersonal relationships- these are objectively experienced, to varying degrees perceived, relationships between people. They are based on various emotional states interacting people. Emotional states- these are mental states of the individual that are associated with stable experiences of the individual that influence his thoughts, actions and the general nature of behavior and relationships with people.
Social distance presupposes a combination of official and interpersonal relations that determines the closeness of the communicating people, corresponding to the sociocultural norms of the communities to which they belong.
Psychological distance characterizes the degree of closeness of interpersonal relationships between communication partners (friendly, comradely, friendly, trusting). In our opinion, this concept emphasizes a certain stage in the dynamics of the development of interpersonal relationships.
Interpersonal compatibility- this is the optimal combination of psychological characteristics of partners that contribute to the optimization of their communication and activities. “ harmonization», « consistency», « consolidation", etc. Interpersonal compatibility is based on the principles of similarity and complementarity. Its indicators are satisfaction with joint interaction and its result. The secondary result is the emergence of mutual sympathy. The opposite phenomenon of compatibility is incompatibility, and the feelings it evokes are antipathy.
Interpersonal attraction- this is a complex psychological property of a person, which, as it were, “attracts” a communication partner and involuntarily evokes in him a feeling sympathy. The charm of her personality allows her to win people over. A person's attractiveness depends on his physical and social appearance, ability to empathize, etc.
In scientific and popular literature such a concept as “ emotional appeal“- the individual’s ability to understand the mental states of a communication partner and especially to empathize with him. The latter (the ability to empathize) is manifested in the responsiveness of feelings to various states of the partner. This concept is somewhat narrower than “interpersonal attractiveness.”
The concept " attraction” is closely related to interpersonal attractiveness. Some researchers consider attraction as a process and at the same time a result of the attractiveness of one person to another; distinguish levels in it (sympathy, friendship, love) and connect it with the perceptual side of communication. Others believe that attraction- this is a kind of social attitude in which a positive emotional component predominates. Some people understand attraction as the process of preferring some people over others, mutual attraction between people, mutual sympathy.
Attraction due to external factors (the degree of expression of a person’s need for affiliation, the emotional state of communication partners, the spatial proximity of the place of residence or work of those communicating) and internal, actual interpersonal determinants (physical attractiveness, demonstrated style of behavior, factor of similarity between partners, expression of personal attitude towards a partner in the process of communication). This concept is borrowed from Anglo-American psychology and is covered by the domestic term “ interpersonal attractiveness" In this regard, it seems appropriate to use these terms as equivalent.
Under the concept " attraction“understands the need of one person to be together with another who has certain characteristics that receive a positive assessment from the perceiver. It denotes experienced sympathy for another person. Attraction can be unidirectional or bidirectional. The opposite concept " repulsion» is associated with the psychological characteristics of the communication partner, which are perceived and assessed negatively; therefore, the partner causes negative emotions.
The structure of interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationships include three elements - cognitive(gnostic, informational), affective And behavioral(practical, regulatory).
Cognitive element involves awareness of what one likes or dislikes in interpersonal relationships.
Affective aspect finds its expression in various emotional experiences people about the relationships between them. The emotional component is usually the leading one. These are, first of all, positive and negative emotional states, conflict states (intrapersonal, interpersonal), emotional sensitivity, satisfaction with oneself, partner, work, etc.
The emotional content of interpersonal relationships changes in two opposite directions from conjunctive(positive, bringing closer) to indifferent(neutral) and disjunctive(negative, dividing) and vice versa. The options for manifestations of interpersonal relationships are enormous. Conjunctive feelings manifest themselves in various forms of positive emotions and states, the demonstration of which indicates a readiness for rapprochement and joint activity. Indifferent feelings suggest manifestations of a neutral attitude towards the partner. This may include indifference, indifference, indifference, etc. Disjunctive feelings are expressed in the manifestation of various forms of negative emotions and states, which are regarded by the partner as a lack of readiness for further rapprochement and communication. In some cases, the emotional content of interpersonal relationships may be ambivalent (contradictory).
Behavioral component interpersonal relationships are realized in specific actions. If one of the partners likes the other, the behavior will be friendly, aimed at providing assistance and productive cooperation. If the object is not attractive, then the interactive side of communication will be difficult. Between these behavioral poles there are a large number of forms of interaction, the implementation of which is determined by the sociocultural norms of the groups to which the communicating people belong.
Interpersonal relationships are built on verticals(between a manager and a subordinate and vice versa) and horizontal(between persons occupying the same status). The emotional manifestations of interpersonal connections are determined by the sociocultural norms of the groups to which the communicating people belong, and by individual differences that vary within the limits of these norms. Interpersonal relationships can be formed from positions dominance-equality-submission And dependency-independence.
Factors of Interpersonal Attraction. Factors, influencing attractiveness relationships for a person are:
Receiving social support - emotional, material or informational assistance provided by other people;
Obtaining information about objective reality, social norms, etc.;
Acquiring status;
Exchange of material goods.
One of the first variables that causes attraction people to each other - spatial proximity, or proximity effect : The people you casually come into contact with the most are most likely to be your friends and lovers. This happens thanks to the effect of simply being in the field of view ; in general, being close to any stimulus leads to liking for it.
Similarities between people, be it attitudes, values, personality traits or demographic characteristics, is also a powerful cause of attraction and liking. Similarity is a much stronger predictor of people's attraction than complementarity, and the idea that opposites attract is less common in real life.
How people behave towards us is also important. Mutual sympathy theory states that in general we like those who behave as if they like us. Physical attractiveness also plays an important role in the emergence of sympathy. The pervasiveness of the stereotype “What is beautiful is good” shows that people believe that physical attractiveness is associated with other valuable human qualities.
Many of the determinants of relationship attractiveness can be explained social exchange theory , which argues that people's perceptions of their relationships depend on what they perceive the rewards and costs of the relationship to be. In order to determine whether a person will maintain a relationship, we need to know him level of comparison- anticipation of the outcome of the relationship and level of comparison of alternatives- anticipation of how happy he will be in other relationships. Theory of justice states that we feel happiest when the proportion of rewards and costs is approximately the same as that of the other person.
Types of love. Social psychologists distinguish different types and styles of love. One of the most famous theories is three-part theory of love.
Concept dialectics of relations suggests that close relationships are constantly changing due to opposing forces autonomy-connection, novelty-predictability, openness-closedness. Autonomy-connection– the tension between our desire to maintain our independence and autonomy and our desire to feel an emotional connection with our partner. Novelty-predictability– the tension between our desire for novelty in relationships and our desire for stability and predictability. Openness-closedness– the tension between our desire to be open and frank and our desire for privacy and restraint. Relationships are an ever-changing process, not a fixed entity.
