The place of tourism in the education system of schoolchildren. "sports tourism as a means of physical education"

Introduction

Tourism is a phenomenon known to everyone. At all times, our planet has been crossed by numerous travelers and pioneers. But only recently tourism has emerged as a specific form of human activity. Each of us imagines tourism as an industry that is more or less known, since we have all traveled somewhere and spent holidays away from home. Tourism is a relatively young phenomenon, which, however, has roots going back to ancient times.

We entered the market economy at a time when significant changes in relation to tourism had already taken place in the international market. Tourism throughout the world has become one of the most significant economic sectors, and for some developing countries - the basis of their existence (Thailand, Cyprus, Malaysia, etc.).

Tourism is now one of the most dynamic sectors of both the Russian and world economies. Tourism also means tourism enterprises, primarily the activities of tourism organizers and intermediaries. Today, the number of travel companies has increased greatly, and fierce competition forces them to occupy their niches in the market. There are companies that deal with individual countries or destinations, and there are companies that work only to receive tourists. There are those that work with groups, and those that organize trips on an individual basis. There are tour operators who fully organize trips and offer ready-made routes to other travel agencies at a discount, and there are travel agents who act as intermediaries between the tour operator and the client. Travel agents receive information about various tours, from which they select the one the client needs and the most affordable one.

Definition of tourism

Is it possible to unambiguously answer the question of what such a concept as “tourism” includes? For some, tourism is associated with kilometers traveled along untrodden paths, with a tent, with songs around the fire; for others, it is trips to historical places; for others, it is travel to foreign countries. And they are all right, because tourism is extremely diverse.

Tourism is a type of travel and covers the circle of people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment, for the purpose of recreation, business or other purposes. At first glance, the concept of “tourism” is accessible to each of us, since we have all traveled somewhere, read articles about tourism in newspapers, watched TV shows about travel, and, when planning our vacation, used the advice and services of travel agencies. However, for scientific and educational purposes, it is very important to determine the relationships between the constituent elements of tourism as a branch of the national economy. Although in the process of tourism development various interpretations of this concept have appeared, the following criteria are of particular importance in determining this phenomenon:

1. Change of location. In this case we are talking about a trip that takes place to a place outside the usual environment. However, persons who travel daily between home and their place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, since these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.

2. Stay somewhere else. The main condition here is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence. In addition, it should not be related to work activity (wages). This nuance should be taken into account, because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activity differs from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers should not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who is staying or planning to stay for one year or more in a particular place is considered a permanent resident for tourism purposes and therefore cannot be called a tourist.

3. Payment of labor from a source at the location visited. The essence of this criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be to carry out an activity paid for from a source in the place visited. Any person who enters a country for work remunerated from a source in that country is considered a migrant and not a tourist of that country. This applies not only to international tourism, but also to tourism within one country. Every person who travels to another place within the same country (or to another country) to carry out an activity remunerated from a source in that place (country) is not considered a tourist of that place.

These three criteria, which form the basis for the definition of tourism, are basic. At the same time, there are special categories of tourists for whom these criteria are still insufficient - these are refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.

Analysis of the above features, characteristics and criteria allows us to identify the following characteristics of tourism:

Business trips, as well as travel for the purpose of spending free time, are moving outside the usual place of residence and work. If a resident of a city moves around it for the purpose of making purchases, then he is not a tourist, since he does not leave his functional place;

Tourism is not only an important sector of the economy, but also an important part of people's lives. It covers the relationship of a person with his external environment.

Hence, tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activities.

Characteristics and features of types of tourism

As a feature that allows you to classify travel by types of tourism, motivational factors can be used. With this classification, one should proceed from the main motive that prompted the person to go on a trip. Although the motives are not always determined unambiguously, it is still possible to distinguish six types of tourism in the system of its management.

Tourism for recreational purposes. This type consists of a short or longer rest for the purpose of physical or psychological recovery of the body. In addition, this group also includes resort holidays, in which the natural properties of the soil, climate and sea water are used for treatment or recuperation.

Tourism for the purpose of studying culture. Tourism, focused on understanding a foreign culture, is divided into educational and pilgrimage. Educational tourism includes visits to historical, cultural or geographical attractions. Tourists traveling for educational purposes are most often interested in the social and economic relations of the countries they visit. The purpose of pilgrimage tourism is to visit places of special religious significance.

Community tourism. Public tourism includes trips to visit relatives, acquaintances, friends (in international terminology known as visitingfriendsandrelatives -VFR), as well as club tourism. Club tourism is distinguished by the fact that travelers are consciously integrated into groups. Grouping occurs when there is an entertainment or sports program that interests people.

Sports tourism. Sports tourism includes trips for the purpose of active participation in sports events, as well as trips that are passive in nature to participate in sports competitions.

Example of active participation in sports: Mrs. L. goes to the Carpathians to go skiing; passive participation: a football fan goes to all the major competitions of his football club.

Economic tourism - trips made out of professional and commercial interest: visiting stock exchanges, exhibitions, fairs, etc.

Congress (political) tourism is divided into diplomatic tourism, participation in congresses, as well as tourism associated with political events and activities.

Example of diplomatic tourism: members of the Russian Parliament travel to the city of M. to take part in parliamentary meetings; tourism associated with political events: Mrs. V. sympathizes with the political trends of a certain party in Moscow. She attends the party's congress.

Sometimes the need to specify tourism in its forms arises in connection with different durations of travel (long and short trips). In this case, the length of stay during the trip was chosen as the main criterion for such classification. If journeys differ according to such external criteria as length of stay, then we can say that these trips belong to various forms of tourism. There are many opportunities to distinguish forms of tourism according to external criteria: by the origin of tourists; by organizational form; by length of stay on the trip; according to the age; by vehicles; by time of year or season.

At first glance, it may seem that there is not much difference between the forms and types of tourism. In both cases, trips are grouped based on certain points of view. The difference is that types of tourism differ in the motivation of travelers, i.e., according to internal factors, and forms of tourism - according to external reasons and influences, which is very important for management.

Forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists. Depending on the origin of travelers, tourism is divided into domestic and international. In this case, the word "origin" does not refer to a person's nationality or place of birth, but to his place of residence and work.

Forms of tourism depending on its organization (organizational form). Depending on the form of organization, a distinction is made between lump-sum tourism (providing a range of services for one cost) and individual tourism. A lump sum tour is a standardized, pre-organized set of tourist services. An individual tour has the peculiarities that the tourist organizes and carries out it independently. Such tours are also called single, but this does not mean that you need to travel alone, because you can travel with your family, and the trip is called solo.

Concept "individual tourism" most often contrasted with the concept "mass tourism". Mass tourism originally meant that many people participated in tourism. Over time, this concept acquired a negative meaning. Currently, negative impacts, primarily lump sum tourism, are associated with mass tourism, which is why the concept individual tourism And mass tourism are no longer suitable for distinguishing forms of tourism based on the number of participants.

Forms of tourism depending on the length of stay. A very important classification of forms of tourism is their classification depending on the length of stay.

Travel duration refers to the time spent by a tourist during the trip or stay in the place or country visited. Day trips are classified as follows: less than three hours; three - five hours; six - eight hours; nine - eleven o'clock; twelve or more hours. Overnight trips can be classified as follows: 1-3 nights; 4-7 nights; 8-28 nights; 29-91 nights; 92 - 365 nights.

Long trips are usually complemented by short trips. Short-term trips include transit trips, day trips and short-term tourism. Transit tourism is stops for tourists along the way to their destination. One-day tourism is tours lasting during daylight hours: they do not involve overnight stops. A particularly important form of short-term tourism is short-term tourism. Short-term tourism includes business tourism and weekend trips. Regardless of whether trips are made for business or personal purposes, their average duration is 2-4 days, i.e. they include a minimum of one and a maximum of three overnight stays.

Forms of tourism depending on the age of travelers. When classifying forms of tourism, the age of travelers is also taken into account. According to the age scale, the following groups of tourists are defined: children traveling with their parents; youth (tourists aged 15-24 years); relatively young, economically active people aged 25 - 44 years; economically active people of middle age (45 - 64 years old) (travel, as a rule, without children); pensioners (65 years and older).

Forms of tourism depending on means of transport. Depending on the means of transport used to move tourists from one place to another, the following forms of tourism are distinguished: air tourism, bus tourism, rail tourism, road tourism and sea tourism.

Forms of tourism depending on the time of year. Depending on the time of year, winter and summer tourism differ. Seasonal classification of forms of tourism shows fluctuations in demand for tourism services throughout the year. The time during which the maximum number of trips is made is called the tourist season, the period of decline in travel is called the off-season. Tourist seasons in different regions may not coincide.

In addition to the six proposed criteria, there are other points of view that allow us to classify travel according to forms. To make the classification of tourism more complete, the World Tourism Organization proposes to classify tourism into the following types: domestic tourism - travel of residents of a region within that region; inbound tourism- travel in any country by persons who are not its residents; outbound tourism - travel of residents of a country to another country. These main types of tourism can be combined in different ways to form categories of tourism. These categories of tourism can relate not only to a country, but also to a region; the term “region” refers to some area within a country, or to a group of countries. Definition « tourism within the country » covers domestic and inbound tourism; "National tourism"- domestic and outbound tourism; "international tourism"- entry and exit.

Types of tourists

When studying the tourism business, it is very important to correctly answer the following question: who uses what tourism services? At the same time, you should think about whether the families of Mr. Ivanov and Mr. Sidorov will have the same vacation and whether their needs for the tourism product will coincide. The answer is clear - no. In this regard, all tourists can be classified according to the following criteria:

Depending on their activity;

Depending on your lifestyle.

Traditionally among tourists according to their activities during vacation There are six groups:

Lovers of a relaxing holiday. Its representatives go on vacation in order to free themselves from everyday stress and relax in a calm and pleasant environment. They are afraid of strangers and large crowds of people. Quietly resting holidaymakers are attracted to sun, sand and sea.

Pleasure lovers. This is a type of very adventurous tourists who, during their holidays, are busy looking for a variety of pleasures and prefer a social atmosphere. In relation to them, words such as flirting, long distances.

Example: Mr M wakes up around noon and goes to the swimming pool. There he meets a cheerful company, they talk, drink a cocktail at the bar, swim a little and listen to music. In the afternoon Mr M plays tennis with another holidaymaker. For the evening he has dinner arrangement. After dinner, visit the disco, which lasts until the morning.

Lovers of active recreation. These tourists love nature and create active stress for their bodies. They prefer measured movement and being in the fresh air. Their vacation can be combined with treatment.

Sports enthusiasts. Unlike active vacationers, tourist-athletes have all their attention focused on competitions. Sports are very important to them - their hobby. They are not afraid of physical activity.

Vacationers for the purpose of knowledge and study. This type of tourist is interested in improving their educational level and learning new things. In this type there are three subgroups: P1 P2 and P3. Type P1 tourists visit places described in guidebooks. Type P2 pays attention not so much to recognized attractions, but to searching for places where he can feel their atmosphere. For him, feelings and moods come to the fore. Type P3 tourists have pronounced cultural and socio-scientific interests and are very attracted to nature.

Adventure lovers. Few thrill-seekers go on a journey alone and expose themselves to truly serious risks. The type of adventurers includes those tourists who are looking for unusual experiences with a certain amount of risk. For them, risk is an opportunity to test themselves.

Classification of tourists into groups depending on from their lifestyle assumes a more in-depth approach to identifying types, since it considers a person and his behavior not in isolation, but in connection with his life position, attitude towards various things and his desires.

When identifying groups of tourists depending on their lifestyle, the basis is not some separate criterion, but a person’s general attitude towards his life. This is very difficult to do, since trends and the economic situation in society are subject to very strong changes over time.

Depending on the lifestyle, four groups of tourists are distinguished: pleasure-seekers, tendentious, family and exclusively leisure tourists. With this classification, it should be borne in mind that the identified groups are constantly changing and the boundaries between them are very vague.

Lovers of pleasure. Representatives of this group have very high demands on the quality of their vacation. For them, traveling is a way of self-expression. They want to enjoy their vacation, allow themselves some weaknesses, or give themselves exercise.

Example: Members of S.'s family spend their holidays in the Alps on the shores of a high-mountain lake. They are accommodated in a hotel in comfortable apartments with the best views. During the day they surf and sail, and play golf and tennis for a change. It is important to them that they are well served at dinner and offered a varied menu. After dinner, they sometimes go to a disco or meet friends at a bar.

tendentious tourists. For tourists included in this group, vacation is an opportunity to find and express themselves as an individual. These are vacationers with high demands, but unlike those who “enjoy life,” they do not need luxury conditions. They are looking for unity with nature, silence and the possibility of psychological relief. They are aware of environmental issues and are interested in the politics and culture of the region they are visiting.

Example: Mrs. B. was planning to really relax during her vacation. She goes to a small boarding house. During the day she does a lot of cycling and hiking. She devotes some time to enjoying the solitude, the landscape, the play of light and shades. If the weather does not allow and in the evenings she stays in the boarding house, she reads and communicates with other vacationers. In the evening she attends concerts.

Family tourists. This group includes exclusively families with children. Family tourists love to spend their holidays with family, friends and relatives. They relax in a calm and comfortable environment, buy services at competitive prices, and do not like to be disturbed. Most often they serve themselves.

Example: The K. family rented a holiday house on the seashore for the holidays. The family consists of four people. Most often they can be found on the street. They play ball, read, sunbathe, and swim. All household responsibilities are distributed: the children go shopping for bread, everyone cleans their bed, the whole family goes shopping. In the evening they go to a restaurant for dinner or cook themselves. If they stay at home, everyone helps prepare dinner.

Entirely vacationers. The most important condition for tourists of this type is the opportunity to relax. This group includes relatively passive tourists who spend their vacation in the traditional way: they are content with silence, sleep for a long time, love to eat tasty and plentiful meals, and take short walks or short trips. Fans of such holidays are happy if their favorite habits can be maintained during the holidays, because they do not like to experiment.

Conclusion

Today we perceive tourism as the most widespread phenomenon of the 20th century, as one of the most striking phenomena of our time, which really penetrates into all spheres of our lives and changes the world and landscape around us. Tourism has become one of the most important factors in the economy, so we see it as more than just a trip or vacation. This concept is much broader and represents the totality of relationships and the unity of connections and phenomena that accompany a person on his travels.

High rates of tourism development and large volumes of foreign exchange earnings actively influence various sectors of the economy, which contributes to the formation of our own tourism industry. The tourism sector accounts for about 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of global investment, every 16th job, 11% of global consumer spending. Thus, these days it is impossible not to notice the enormous impact that the tourism industry has on the global economy.

An important feature of the current stage of tourism development and changes in its organizational forms is the penetration of transport, trade, industrial, banking, insurance and other companies into the tourism business.

The intensive development of international tourist relations led to the creation of numerous international organizations and the promotion of better organization of this area of ​​international economic relations.

Schools today see children's amateur tourism as an effective means of communist education of the younger generation, including ideological, moral, mental, labor, aesthetic and physical education.

Scientific research by a number of authors has shown that tourism and local history work contributes to the inclusion of schoolchildren in labor and other socially significant affairs of older generations, continuity in the transfer of social experience from generation to generation, and the development of their social activity, embodied in the successful acquisition of knowledge of the laws of social development, in active participation in improving social relations, understanding the social meaning of work and viewing it as a vital need.

Tourism and local history work teaches schoolchildren to respect working people and love their homeland. The popularity of children's amateur tourism is growing every year. Being an integral part of the Soviet system of physical education, tourism successfully solves educational, health and cognitive problems.

The term “tourism” first appears in English sources of the early 19th century. and denotes an excursion or journey that ends with a return to the place where the journey began. Unfortunately, this term is not extremely clear and successful, moreover, it does not sufficiently reflect the meaning and essence of tourism.

School tourism and local history understand the tourist and local history activities of students that go beyond the curriculum and are organized by the school and extracurricular institutions in order to ensure a pedagogically appropriate use of their extracurricular time.

It should be noted that none of the above definitions answers the question: what is tourism and local history activity - a means, form or method? The definition of A. A. Ostapets seems more complete, who sees in children’s and youth tourism “a means of harmonious development of adolescents and young men, implemented in the form of recreation and socially useful activities” 1 . This definition indicates that tourism should integrate the main aspects of communist education. In our opinion, the tourist and local history movement of schoolchildren is a massive extracurricular form of work for students to comprehensively study their native land, solving educational, cognitive, health-improving tasks and stipulated by program and regulatory documents.

In recent years, the need for tourism has characterized an increasing number of people. What are her motives? Analysis of the motives expressed by various authors gives the right to reduce them to two separate groups, the social meaning of which is different.

The first group of authors explains the need to move with an instinctive desire to change place of residence, the desire to impress others, as well as religious aspirations - the motive for migration. In Western literature, the migration motive is considered decisive. In bourgeois sociological research it is placed in first place.

The true motive for mass tourism should be sought in the development of productive forces and existing production relations. This will make it possible to establish how modern conditions of production and consumption affect the development of fatigue and how a person, in connection with this, organizes the restoration of his physical and psychological strength, his rest. Accepting the motive of restoring working capacity as the main factor in the tourist movement means considering tourism as an active form of using free time intended for recreation.

In recent years, the role of school tourism has greatly increased. The role of school tourism as an effective means of moral and physical education of youth is especially noted in the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of May 30, 1969 “On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country” and “On the further development and improvement of tourism excursion business in the country", in the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol "On measures to develop tourism, improve tourist and excursion services for the population in 1986-1990 and for the period until 2000", in a number of orders of the Ministry of Education USSR in recent years (“On further improvement of tourism, local history work with students of secondary schools, teacher training colleges and students of pedagogical institutes”, etc.), in the regulation “On the organization of tourism, local history and excursion work in secondary schools.”

The popularity of tourism in school, especially in high school, determines educational, local history, health improvement and physical development tasks for schoolchildren. Tourism is the most comprehensive type of education for a healthy and seasoned person. It teaches collectivism, friendship, camaraderie, discipline, initiative, initiative, hard work, and mutual assistance. Tourism broadens one's horizons, enriches spiritual life, and is an excellent means of experiencing the beauty of nature. It helps in choosing a profession and has a positive effect on the student’s body.

1 Ostapets A. A. Pedagogy of tourism and local history work at school. M., 1985. - P. 27.

Introduction

1. Literature review

1.1. School tourism

1.2. The impact of tourism on children's bodies

2. Tourism as a means of physical education

2.1. Social adaptation through tourism

2.2. The impact of tourism on human health

2.4. The place of tourism in the education system of schoolchildren

3. Forms of application of tourism in physical education of schoolchildren

3.1. Mass tourist competitions for schoolchildren

3.2. Tourist rallies

3.3. Hiking trips

Bibliography

Introduction

Tourism is an important component of extracurricular sports work. Every year active tourism in Russia becomes more and more popular. Being the recipient of amateur tourism - a unique phenomenon that developed in the Soviet Union, it has absorbed the results of many years of practice and theoretical research of tens of thousands of tourist-athletes. Active tourism is a low-cost and highly effective technology for developing high spiritual and physical principles in a person. Its popularity among segments of the population is explained by the enormous recreational potential of the country's natural resources, high health-improving ability and the need of a certain part of the population for some risk. Participation in tourist trips contributes to the development of such qualities as personal initiative and mutual assistance, perseverance, willpower and high discipline. The greatest health benefits come from those types of tourism that use active means of transportation. Hiking, skiing and traveling help improve the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, increase the body's resistance to diseases, and strengthen muscles. Staying in the fresh air, exposure to the sun and dosed physical activity, and a variety of experiences during travel normalize the activity of the central nervous system and restore performance.

1. Literature review.

(Korobeinikov N.K., Mikheev A.A., Nikolenko I.G. 1989). Being an integral part of the Russian physical education system, tourism successfully solves educational, health and cognitive problems.

The term "tourism" first appears in English sources from the early 19th century and refers to an excursion or journey that ends with a return to the place where the journey began. Unfortunately, this term is not extremely clear and successful, moreover, it does not sufficiently reflect the meaning and essence of tourism. Tourism is an extremely valuable means of physical education and active recreation of a person in nature.

Tourism is excursions, hikes and travel in which active recreation is combined with cognitive and educational purposes. According to the purpose and forms of implementation, tourism is divided into planned (excursion) and amateur.

In planned tourism, participants travel by bus, plane, ship, train along predetermined routes, stay in hotels or camp sites, where they are provided with overnight accommodation, meals, and excursion services.

In amateur tourism, travel is based entirely or partially on self-service. Here, tourists themselves outline the route and method of travel, provide their own food, lodging and resting place, and identify objects for inspection. They themselves have to set up camp sites and collect fuel for fires. Prepare food, overcome various obstacles along the way, arrange crossings, clear debris, etc.

The physical education course for students of secondary specialized educational institutions includes training sessions on amateur tourism and compliance with the standards of the GTO complex.

1.1. School tourism

(Kokorov Yu.M. 1980). School tourism is understood as the tourist and local history activities of students that go beyond the curriculum and are organized by the school and non-school institutions in order to ensure a pedagogically appropriate use of their extracurricular time. The definition of A.A. Ostapets seems more complete. (1985), who sees in children's and youth tourism a means of harmonious development.

In recent years, the need for tourism has characterized an increasing number of people. What are her motives? Analysis of the motives expressed by various authors gives the right to reduce them to two separate groups, the social meaning of which is different.

The first group of authors explains the need for movement by the instinctive desire to change place of residence, the desire to impress others, as well as religious aspirations - the motive for migration. In Western literature, the migration motive is considered decisive.

The second group of authors explains this is the desire of people to restore physical and psychological qualities, the motive for restoring their ability to work. The true motive for mass tourism should be sought in the development of productive forces and existing production relations. This will make it possible to establish how modern conditions of production and consumption affect the development of fatigue and how a person, in connection with this, organizes the restoration of his physical and psychological strength, his rest. Accepting the motive of restoring working capacity as the main factor in the tourist movement means considering tourism as an active form of using free time intended for recreation.

Tourism is the most comprehensive type of education for a healthy, seasoned person. It teaches friendship, hard work, discipline, initiative, and mutual assistance. Tourism broadens one's horizons, enriches spiritual life, and is an excellent means of experiencing the beauty of nature. It helps in choosing a profession and has a positive effect on the student’s body.

1.2. The impact of tourism on children's bodies.

(Istomin P.I. 1987). Many people have studied the impact of tourism on children’s bodies. An improvement in the functional state of the cardio-respiratory system has been established, manifested in an increase in stroke volume of blood, an increase in the power of inhalation and exhalation, an improvement in strength indicators, and endurance of schoolchildren under the influence of even one-time multi-day hikes. So, skiing has a more effective effect on increasing the strength of the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle, while hiking has a more effective effect on the back muscles. The power of exhalation improves more effectively during hiking, and the mobility of nervous processes improves during skiing. Long-term (4-5 years) regular tourism activities have a positive impact on the physical development of schoolchildren, their physical fitness, and the functional state of many physiological systems. Thus, if the hand strength of girls who do not engage in sports, including tourism, by the age of 16 increases compared to their indicators at 12 years of age by 46.7%, then in those regularly involved in tourism it increases by 63.9%.

Long-term regular tourism activities have a significant impact on improving the physical fitness of schoolchildren. Thus, the standing long jump result of 16-year-old girls who are not involved in sports or tourism improved compared to 12-year-olds by 5.3%, among those involved in tourism by 9.1%, and among athletes by 23.7%. Improvement of this indicator in boys accordingly; 16.5%, 24.5%, 31.4%.

2. Tourism as a means of physical education.

(Vyatkin L. A., Sidorchuk E. V., Nemytov D. N. 2001). Tourism as a means of physical education creates the most favorable conditions for children's health. On hiking trips, the motor actions learned in physical education lessons (overcoming obstacles, water hazards, climbing, walking, etc.) are directly used, and the knowledge acquired in geography, biology, and astronomy lessons is used in a new way.

Tourism is a means of enriching the life experience of students, acquaintance with various professions, a means of experiencing the beauty of nature.

Overcoming difficulties on a hike instills in them a sense of collectivism, teaches them to rise above personal likes and dislikes, to be sensitive to each other, and merciless to violators of discipline and order. The hike will help you deeply understand and study the nature of each child, establish trusting relationships between teachers and students, and satisfy the needs for novelty, adventure, and romance.

In 1972, for the first time, a hiking trip and orienteering competitions were included in the GTO complex.

Recently, more and more amateur hikes and trips have been carried out, and the number of their participants has increased.

More than 21 thousand routes have been laid across the country through their native land, to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory. Every year 20 million amateur tourists go on hiking trips along these routes. More than 2,000 tourist clubs, about 67 thousand tourist sections, and physical culture groups have been created in the country.

In circles and sections they train badges and dischargers, as well as junior tourism instructors and assistant trek leaders. The clubs are led by school teachers or employees of the young tourists station. A school amateur camp can be organized as a tourist, sports or work and recreation camp. The mission of these camps is the same: promoting health, developing work skills, moral and physical qualities. But depending on the purpose, tourism, sports or socially useful work may come to the fore.

The camp is characterized by broad self-government. Its activities are regulated by a specially developed charter with the active participation of all camp members.

The director's order on organizing the camp, the agreement with the institutions on whose territory the camp will be located, lists of personnel, and the work schedule are endorsed by the tourist organizer of the district Schoolchildren's House, the camp commission and submitted to the department of public education to obtain permission to enter the camp.

The meeting of competitions is presented as a review of tourism work for the past academic year. By order of the director, the head of the rally-competition, the leader of the marching groups are appointed, the position and the refereeing team are approved.

The rally should be held over two days. On the day before the day off, after classes, the groups go on their own routes to the competition site, and upon arriving there, they set up tents, prepare dinner, and in the evening, a review of amateur performances of all teams is held around the fire. Sunday is dedicated to competitions for grades 5-7 and grades 8-11, which are held separately and summing up the results of the competition.

Tourist evenings are a form of sports evenings. Photo exhibitions about hikes are being prepared for them, stands are being set up, badges are being awarded to children who have advanced their level in tourism, and activists are being encouraged.

Excursion and tourism work as an effective form of education is a mandatory form of extracurricular work with students of all ages and is included in the annual plan of the school and the class teacher. Periodic reports from class teachers serve as an effective form of control. The success of organizing mass tourism work depends on the head of the school.

2.1. Social adaptation through tourism.

(Kurilova V.I. 1988). The Soviet school at one time saw in children's tourism is a powerful means of ideological education of schoolchildren and not withoutsuccess using its capabilities. In the current situation of blurideological guidelines and ideological confusion education of patriotismand the civic position of schoolchildren is more acute than ever. It's obvious thata person cannot love what he does not know, and cherish and protect what he does notloves. Direct acquaintance with nature, history and culturealone awakens the desire to make his own contribution to its development andprosperity, i.e. lays the foundations of active patriotism.

Participation in hikes, excursions, and expeditions allows students to get acquainted with the past and present of different peoples, their national traditions. Direct acquaintance with the life, customs, history, and cultural characteristics of different peoples of our multinational country is an effective means of bringing peoples closer together and preventing interethnic conflicts.

Another aspect of the formation of young citizens is no less important. Currently, there is a negative attitude of a large part of young people towards military service. But with the end of the Cold War era and the transition to a policy of peaceful coexistence of states, the need to strengthen the country’s defense capability and protect its borders has not disappeared. In addition, there is a serious danger of terrorism and man-made disasters. Young people need to be taught to act competently in emergency situations: provide first aid, navigate the terrain, provide shelter in bad weather, overcome natural obstacles, and survive in the natural environment. Young tourists acquire all this vital knowledge and skills on hikes, at search and rescue competitions, and at “Survival School.” Young men who have undergone such training are not afraid of serving in the armed forces.

In the process of tourism and local history activities, the sphere of communication among students expands, skills of social interaction are acquired, positive experience of behavior is accumulated, and favorable conditions are created for the formation of moral qualities of the individual. First of all, these are qualities that are cultivated by being part of a tourist group that exists autonomously - collectivism, responsibility, mutual assistance and mutual assistance.

An important advantage of active forms of tourism and local history activity is bridging the gap between knowledge about norms of behavior and the practice of applying them in hostel conditions. Without diminishing the importance of the formation of ethical, moral and other knowledge related to norms of behavior necessary for the development of personal qualities, it should be recognized that only the ability to practically follow them is a necessary, effective, and most important component of education. During a tourist trip, the gap between ideological and moral ideas and behavioral practices is eliminated, the formation of moral beliefs becomes more effective, since this activity is accompanied by proper educational influence, and the accumulation of positive behavioral experience occurs in the process of useful activity.

Pedagogical theory knows how important one’s own experience is for developing the mind and character. But very often teaching practice does not want to risk its reputation. For her, quiet forms of work that do not require unnecessary hassle and risk are preferable, and she gives priority to the verbal method of raising children. Although the educational role of conversations and films, lessons of courage and meetings with interesting people, matinees and evenings is not small, they do not and cannot give the desired results, because here everything is verbal, bookish and not supported by one’s own experience of self-action. Here, every thought, although clothed in an emotional form, is given to those brought up in a ready-made form, and does not arise in them themselves in the process of personal experience. By cultivating patriotism, courage and courage only in this way, we can get the opposite result when, in the words of A.S. Makarenko, “... you are raising a cynical observer, for whom someone else’s feat is only an object to gaze at.”

A tourist trip allows each participant to be placed in unique, from an educational point of view, conditions when abstract ideas of community norms acquire a very specific, strictly conditioned reality. In the conditions of a tourist trip, especially a multi-day trip, the activities of each member of the tourist group are closely intertwined and interdependent with the activities and actions of other members of the group and the group as a whole. Here, a situation that is very important for teachers naturally arises - responsible interdependence. The teenager learns to relate his actions and satisfaction of needs to the well-being of his comrades. Thus, understanding of the elementary universal rules of human interdependence moves from the realm of abstract knowledge to the realm of concrete actions. The child’s personality is enriched by the understanding of himself as a specific person, capable of causing joy or misfortune to other people through his actions. Of course, a child is taught this from childhood, but, unfortunately, family and school do not create conditions for the emotional perception of their involvement in another person.

Modern schoolchildren are constantly in the position of being looked after, many of them are freed from household responsibilities, do not know the cost of food, have no idea how to cook pasta, and have not held a hammer in their hands. Sometimes on a hike, Nalchik does not know what is in his backpack, because his mother packed it. Unfortunately, it is a very common opinion that the more satisfying, the more carefree a person’s life, the better for him. But science has proven the opposite: for full development, a person necessarily needs a shortage of life’s goods, some discomfort in living conditions.

(Kurilova V.I. 1988). Necessity arises only in a situation of high tension between needs and possibilities, in a situation of deprivation. This is where that situation, valuable for pedagogy, arises when a person (needs (really needs!), but in order to satisfy the need, he must work. In the difficult conditions of camp life, in a situation of deprivation of the usual comfort, work becomes the only means of satisfying the numerous “ "When it is necessary, it is necessary, a person takes it and does it (it’s not for nothing that they say: “Need will teach”). At first, of course, not everything works out, but every time it gets better and better. And work gradually becomes not a sad necessity, but. joyful need. Only in such conditions can one develop deep respect for one’s own and sensitive work and an equally deep disrespect for laziness, parasitism, and hackwork. Unfortunately, the label “the best vacation” has long been attached to tourism, and in the minds of many people it is. is in no way connected with the problem of labor education (after all, rest is the antithesis of work). In the end, it is not so important what profession a young man chooses for himself; It is important, first of all, that he does not shy away from any work, knows how and loves to work, and becomes a worthy citizen of his country.

The organizational and economic activities of tourists in preparing and conducting a hike alone contain enormous pedagogical potential in instilling labor skills and social adaptation. But there is also another activity - local history, educational, in the process of which many issues of preparing schoolchildren for work are also very successfully resolved.

Having gone on a hike, children actually enter into a not new socio-economic formation - a temporary family-type community that has a large and complex economy. Here everyone quickly understands: in order to live, you have to work. And here the results of labor do not dissolve in some abstract concept ~ “for the benefit of society”; they are needed by a specific Seryozha, a specific Tanya. In essence, this is a collective for the production of their own vital goods, but not for the sake of the goods themselves, but in the name of achieving common goals voluntarily set for themselves.

The world opens up to a child in all its diversity only if he is given the opportunity to make decisions on his own, based on his knowledge, his life experience, and bear responsibility for them, i.e. subject to self-government of the activities in which he is involved. The famous Russian public education figure V.P. Vakhterov came up with a clear formula at the beginning of the 20th century: “A student develops when he himself acts. And he thinks, and feels, and acts. Take out even one link from here, and development will disappear, and degeneration will begin.” This is confirmed today: infantilism, irresponsibility, narrow-mindedness. And in free, unregulated activity there is thoughtless destruction, hooliganism, and cruelty. Much of this is the direct fault of the school.

Function creates the organ. An authoritarian school, suppressing the initiative of children, not allowing them to practice independently solving life issues, experiencing the joy of intellectual creativity and realizing responsibility for their decisions, did not develop this “decisive” organ in them, and raised generations of passive, indifferent performers, unable to produce ideas. For many decades, sayings like: “I don’t care”, “Keep your head down”, “The authorities know best”, “Initiative is punishable”, “My house is on edge...”, etc. have been circulating among people. These sayings are linguistic symptoms of the spiritual illness of our society. And it is no coincidence that our country is famous for the fact that in our numerous administrative institutions it is impossible to resolve even the simplest issues; everything is decided by only one person - the Chief, who cannot be reached. The rest are not accustomed and do not want to decide anything.

A person must train not only his body, arms, but also his head every day - by solving real life problems. And he must daily train his soul with the joy of labor, and not only with his own hands, but also with his own head.

The right to decide is a binding right. Every decision entails responsibility; the decision maker understands that there is always the possibility of error. And a person becomes accustomed to self-control, to balance, to testing ideas through practice. With proper organization of work, each member of the traveling team is responsible for a certain area of ​​the group’s life support and the implementation of the expedition mission, while almost everyone has their own daily “duty” duties. Thus, each participant in the hike is in a complex system of responsible relationships. A person is known to the end in difficult times, in times of deprivation. But this minute, this moment is just the beginning of something new. This hour of testing is a stage in human development. At this moment it is created by circumstances - crystallized, polished, developed in one direction or another. And this is especially true in relation to a small person - a child, a teenager.

When a group goes far from their habitable places on a multi-day hike, the understanding comes that now they can only rely on themselves and their companions. This consciousness brings children together, teaches them to value friendship and mutual assistance, and fosters responsibility, caution, prudence and frugality. Childhood carelessness disappears as if by hand, and a serious attitude towards life and friends is born. And here we should point out such an important detail as the ability, in the conditions of a hike or tourist camp, to promptly diagnose deviations in personality development. This is facilitated by the teenager staying in an atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding, and not for 40-45 minutes of a lesson or two hours of any event, but for a long time - from 4-8 hours (one-day hike) to several days and weeks (in conditions tourist trip or a multi-day field camp), which, of course, makes it possible to develop and more easily implement a correction of the child’s behavior and development that is suitable for each specific case.

Tourism and local history activities are an effective preventive measure for deviant behavior of students, which in today's socio-economic conditions of Russia is manifested in the mass phenomena of drug addiction, substance abuse, and alcoholism. The wanderlust, the romance of long roads, often stimulating the wandering of children and adolescents with all the ensuing consequences, and correctly used pedagogically, find satisfaction in active tourism.

2.2. The impact of tourism on human health.

(Reshetnikov I.V. 2002). In our technological age, physical inactivity has appeared - disruption of body functions due to lack of movement. Given the availability of transport, especially in the city, many deprive themselves of the opportunity to walk. There is no need to carry water - there is running water, no need to prepare firewood - a gas or electric stove will solve this problem. According to the Research Institute of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, school physical education lessons - twice a week for 45 minutes - provide only 11% of the motor activity necessary for the development of a growing child's body. Extracurricular and extracurricular activities in physical education and sports, including tourism, are designed to fill this gap. Active movements in the fresh air help strengthen the body and improve health. Walking with a load and dosed load strengthens the cardiovascular system. Tourism promotes the development of curiosity and strong-willed qualities. Getting to know new areas, nature, meeting people enriches a person. Camping life develops observation, intelligence, courage, determination, and independence. Many prominent figures of science and culture associate their holidays with tourism.

2.3. The importance of tourism for the formation of vital skills.

(Kulikov V.P. 1998). Camping life teaches you a lot. One teacher suggested that physical education classes be assessed based on how they affect students' health and how they contribute to the acquisition of life skills. What useful and vital benefits do classes provide? On a hiking trip, you will definitely learn to carry heavy loads: a backpack is the main teacher in this. You will learn to help an injured comrade: make a stretcher and a drag from improvised means, and overcome any obstacles. The tourist is not worried about the lack of a roof over his head - he will be able to organize his overnight stay. Running out of food? Not scary! The tourist knows edible mushrooms and plants. He is not afraid of the possibility of getting lost: knowing how to navigate the terrain using local objects, stars, the sun, and a compass, he will confidently find the right path. A tourist is not afraid of either cold or heat. He has a saying: “There is no bad weather if you have good equipment.” What can a man with a backpack do? The main thing is that having learned and seen a lot, you love your region, your land more deeply and learn to protect it. This was proven, for example, by mountain tourists in the Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War and by tourists joining the detachments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM).

2.4. The place of tourism in the education system of schoolchildren.

(Kurilova V.I. 1988). The variety of forms of tourism and its positive impact on the human body make it possible to use it as a means of physical education, starting from primary school age. Excursions, weekend trips, sedate and category trips are one of the methods of extracurricular work.

In the program “Physical education with a health orientation for students in rural primary small schools” (Moscow, 1992), much attention is paid to tourism. From grades I to IV, 170 hours are allocated to tourism and 68 hours to orientation. It is recommended to hold Tourist Day twice a month. For physical education teachers and class teachers who care about children’s health, this represents a wide field for creative activity.

In the programs of secondary schools, in school-wide physical education and sports events, monthly health and sports days, and intra-school competitions, a large place is given to tourism. Tourist gatherings of various ranks have become a tradition.

Many class teachers end the school year with weekend trips, involving parents and former students in them. Hiking becomes a holiday of nature and health for children.

There is a system for organizing work on tourism with children. This work in the country is headed by the Center for Children and Youth Tourism under the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. It produces a large amount of educational and methodological literature on tourism, organizes republican competitions not only for schoolchildren, but also for teachers.

Each region has a regional center for children and youth tourism. Student creativity centers, tourist centers, and tourist clubs operate in rural and urban areas. Additional education teachers work with children on many types of tourism.

3. Forms of using tourism in the physical education of schoolchildren.

(Balabin 1988 M.A., Simakov V.I. 1984). Tourism is walks, excursions, hikes and trips organized to familiarize students with their native land, natural, historical and cultural monuments of our country. In tourist activities, schoolchildren acquire physical training, endurance, applied skills of orientation and movement in a difficult environment, experience of collective life and activities, leadership and subordination, and in practice learn the norms of a responsible attitude towards the natural environment. School tourist groups participate in the All-Union Youth Campaign to the places of revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people, in the “Chronicle of the Great Patriotic War” expeditions and in other patriotic events of the Lenin Komsomol. Along with physical education teachers, class teachers, counselors, parents, and bosses are involved in organizing and conducting tourist trips (hiking, skiing, boating, cycling). They bear special responsibility for dosing physical activity, observing safety rules and protecting the life and health of children. During the hikes, educational work is carried out.

Tourism occupies a fundamental place in the educational work of vocational schools and in the education of the younger generation.

Tourist activities contribute to the formation of an active life position of a young person. Tourism is only a valuable means of physical education and active recreation of a person in nature. On tourist trips, students temper their bodies, strengthen their health, develop endurance, strength and other physical properties, gain applied skills and abilities in terrain navigation, overcoming natural obstacles, self-service, etc. The special conditions of tourist activities contribute to the development of moral qualities of the individual: mutual support, mutual assistance , organization and discipline, integrity, sensitivity and attention to comrades, courage, perseverance and courage, a sense of duty and responsibility, great organizational properties.

3.1. Mass tourist competitions for schoolchildren.

(Vyatkin L.A., Sidorchyuk E.V., Nemytov D.N. 2001). Tourist competitions for students are one of the important forms of preparation for an accident-free, meaningful tourist trip and testing the readiness of tourist groups, as well as a form of exchanging work experience and promoting everything new that has appeared in tourism recently. They serve not only the purposes of training and testing the skills acquired by students, but also a good training school for teachers involved in tourism work.

The first All-Union competitions were held in the summer of 1976 in Belarus according to the temporary rules of tourist competitions for schoolchildren.

(Konstantinov Yu.S. 1995).

The listed documents are fundamental when conducting tourism competitions.

Tourist competitions for students are very different from competitions for adults, since they take into account age characteristics, and most importantly, the small tourist experience of the participants, whose teams, as a rule, are made up of students of the same class and are led by an ordinary teacher who often does not have the necessary experience.

The competition is held in several stages: Stage 1 - competitions in schools; 2nd stage - regional competitions; 3rd stage - regional competitions; 4th stage - republican competitions. From stage to stage the competition program becomes more complicated, and by the third (regional) stage they become a complex complex event. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure both the preparedness of students and the logistical side of the competition. The goals and objectives of the competition are also enlarged from stage to stage. At the most widespread level (1st stage) this is primarily the promotion of tourism and training in it, at the 2nd level - in-depth development of acquired knowledge and skills, and at the highest level (3-4th stages) - testing the preparedness of tourists and identifying the strongest commands

3.2. Tourist gatherings.

(Balabin M.A. 1988). Mass tourist events, rallies and competitions are very popular in physical education groups of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions. Their main attractive force is that they provide elements of competition, both personal and team, and competitiveness always attracts young people.

Considering the accessibility and popularity of rallies and competitions, we must always strive for their mass participation. A tourist section or a tourist club will only achieve its functions when tourist events are held regularly, attracting a large number of participants.

In practice, work on the development of amateur tourism in a physical education team begins with holding various tourist competitions on a simplified obstacle course. As the tourism section bureau accumulates experience, it is possible to gradually complicate the competition program, thus creating conditions for improving amateur tourism: Having achieved certain success in holding competitions and stabilizing the judging staff, you can move on to holding more complex complex and thematic mass tourism events. (The role of tourist all-around in the development of sports and health tourism in the periphery, TIPFC No. 6, 2003).

All tourist rallies and competitions in the physical education team of an enterprise, institution, or educational institution are held during free time from work or school, on weekends and holidays.

The successful holding of mass events depends entirely on the quality of preparation for them. And preparation can be effective only when qualified and experienced tourist, Komsomol and trade union activists are involved in it, all preparatory work is clearly planned and constant monitoring is carried out over their timely implementation.

Preparations for a rally or competition should begin several months before it takes place. This should be handled by the rally and competition commission. She develops the draft Regulations for the rally or competition, their program, and selects candidates for the organizing committee. If there is no such commission, then all organizational issues are dealt with by the bureau of the tourist section under the leadership of the council of the physical education team and with the direct participation of the Komsomol committee.

All units involved in preparation must work harmoniously and in harmony. An organizing committee or headquarters is created to coordinate their activities. It should include representatives of the trade union and Komsomol committees, the council of the physical education team. Usually this is the chairman of the tourist section, representatives of the transport company and medical institution, if they are in the team, the chief judge of the rally or competition. The committee may include representatives of other interested organizations.

The quantitative composition of the organizing committee depends on the scale of the event, its program and the number of participants. The more participants, the more meaningful the program, the more services need to be created and the more social activists must be involved. Responsibilities are distributed among the members of the organizing committee, each is responsible for one or another area of ​​training, staffing a specific service and carrying out its work.

The committee draws up and approves a plan for the preparation and conduct of a rally or competition, and periodically hears at its meetings reports from individual services on the progress of preparations. It is also useful to listen to information from workshops, departments, and faculty tourist sections or groups.

The activities of the organizing committee are very diverse, so we will present only the main issues that it must resolve in the process of preparing and holding the event.

3.3. Education on a tourist trip.

(Krnstantinov Yu.S. 2006). “Entry” into a tourist group should always be free for everyone, except for those for whom heavy physical activity is contraindicated for health reasons. It is impossible to refuse admission to either “difficult” or unsuccessful students. Of course, the influence of children on each other in a tourist group is inevitable, and bad examples can be contagious here, but this is not a reason not to take “difficult” schoolchildren on trips. Practice has long proven that tourist trips greatly contribute to correcting character defects and behavior of poorly brought up children, and deepening the cognitive interests of children who are lagging behind in their studies.

(Tips for tourists, physical education at school No. 3, 1998). In general, when people unite for a common cause, their understanding of the essence, meaning, and objectives of this cause may be different. For example, a schoolchild, knowing that the group is planning trips to places of military glory or to study small rivers, may actually dream of sitting with friends by the evening fire, chatting, baking potatoes, and fishing. There is nothing to worry about - high goals and serious tasks will not appear overnight. The leader must help the guys formulate the goal of a common cause, which, perhaps, will be born in a clash of opinions and interests within the team itself, and will not be brought in from the outside in a ready-made form. The main thing is for young tourists to realize that a hike is not a one-time event, but the first step on an interesting, but also difficult path. Prospects can be different: studying the native land, accumulating technical and sports experience, receiving badges, ranks and titles in tourism, winning tourism competitions at school and district rallies. The outlined prospect will be the “highlight” that all tourists will strive for.

For example, a group is given a goal to discover minerals. This collective, common goal pushes into the background the personal interests of the guys and sets the task of preparing for the hike as best as possible and carrying it out so that the set goal is achieved. In this case, the final goal is divided into a number of intermediate ones: learning to navigate the terrain, identifying minerals and rocks, taking rock samples, mastering camping skills, preparing personal and group equipment, etc.

The work of young tourists, both during the preparation period and during the hike itself, is the basis of educational work. This work is extremely diverse in type, and significant in quantity. Camping work also has its own characteristics that must be taken into account to achieve pedagogical goals. Firstly, the hike objectively confronts each person with the need to work. The expression: “He who does not work, does not eat” is more appropriate here than anywhere else. Secondly, labor on a campaign is of a social nature; the work of one is necessary for all. Thirdly, in the process of work, students acquire vital skills (cooking in the field, making a fire in any weather, organizing a camp life). And, finally, an amateur hike develops organizational skills, develops initiative, efficiency, and activity. It is no coincidence that tourists often head school self-government bodies.

As soon as a group of travel enthusiasts has been selected and established, it must be organized organizationally: elect a group council, come up with a name, motto, emblem, and start a diary (chronicle of hikes).

Together with the leader, an initiative group created on a voluntary basis develops specific tasks for each future participant in the hike: selecting literature for the area of ​​the upcoming trip, developing a route, purchasing tourist equipment, making campfire equipment, etc. It is important that all group members without exception receive instructions.

During a campaign, almost all of its participants receive a certain position (commander, treasurer, supply manager, etc.) and everyone is responsible to the team for doing their job. Assigning camping job responsibilities to students is fundamentally different from the responsibilities of students at school. For example, the class leader and group commander. The headman is responsible for his work only to the teacher, the class teacher, and the group leader is responsible to the team; order and discipline in the group depend on him. From the work of the food manager - complete nutrition for the group, etc.

Some guys strive to get some kind of position, but they are only considered responsible for the work, but do not do the work. At the same time, they emphasize in every possible way their leadership position in the group. Another group commander will give the command: “Everyone go to collect firewood!”, and he himself tries to stay on the sidelines - he’s the commander! Therefore, the distribution of positions in a group must be approached very carefully, and during a campaign, the leader must constantly monitor the work of officials.

(Krnstantinov Yu.S. 2006). The distribution of responsibilities in the group and the election of a permanent asset mean that the formal creation of the team is completed. But whether this team will be combative, united, capable of overcoming all the difficulties of the field and achieving the set goal - this depends, first of all, on the pedagogical skill of the leader. His task is to help the children make decisions, teach them, be a mentor, adviser, controller, but not cross the line that destroys the independence of the children and reduces their responsibility for completing the assigned task. The principled position of the teacher is not to do anything for the children, remembering that it is through their own labor that they will be able to strengthen their character and acquire useful skills. The leader’s position on this issue can be expressed in the following formulation: “I’ll go on a hike with you guys, but on condition that you prepare it well and do everything yourself.”

Students need to be involved in solving even purely adult matters. Usually the leader prepares the estimate for the trip, but experienced teachers also involve the active members of the group in this work. Students, along with the leader, make decisions on the issue of food during the hike, on expenses for economic and cultural needs. Sometimes groups enter into an agreement with an organization or enterprise to perform common work in order to earn money for travel or other traveling purposes. This is how children get involved in solving practical issues that are vitally important to them. And the manager’s task is to support, prompt, demand, and praise in a timely manner. High school students who have been on multi-day hikes, tourists who have graduated from school, and parents can provide great help during the preparation period for a hike. Labor and home economics teachers can be involved in practical training for children.

We must strive to ensure that each participant in the hike voluntarily and consciously fulfills his duties, so that the group has genuine, rather than formal, self-government and self-service. The results of completing tasks are discussed at regular group meetings, where conscientious and enterprising children are celebrated, and careless ones are reprimanded. First of all, the guys themselves must evaluate the work of their comrades, which requires honesty and integrity from them.

The marching group must have a council (headquarters), which will include the main officials. Here the leader has the right to list who exactly, in addition to the commander, he considers necessary to include in the council. During the campaign, the council meets daily to resolve current technical and economic issues, sum up the results of the day, approve the plan for the coming day, hear reports from the food manager on the provision of food to the group, a report from the treasurer on the state of funds, etc. Pedagogical issues should also be brought to the council: the moral state of the group and individual tourists, positive and negative aspects in the behavior of the participants in the hike.

Bibliography.

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Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation Ural State University of Physical Culture

EKATERINBURG BRANCH
DEPARTMENT OF THEORY AND METHODS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Test
Specialization “Theory and methodology of the chosen sport”
Fitness technologies.

Ekaterinburg 2010

The importance of sports tourism………………………………………………………3

Organization of work on tourism………………………………………….4

Ensuring safety during tourism……………………..9

Modern trends in the development of sports tourism………………16

List of references……………………………………………………….19

THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS TOURISM IN THE SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION.

Sports tourism is a broader concept than just one sport. This is a social movement, one of the most important goals of which is the formation of a healthy lifestyle for individuals and society as a whole.
The essence of sports tourism can be expressed in words: for spirituality, sports, nature.
Tourism includes motor actions that are varied in form and content; their goal is to develop in a person the skills and abilities he needs in production, military and domestic activities, while simultaneously solving educational, educational, health and sports problems.
In conditions of increasing tension in urban life, environmental deterioration, and a decrease in natural human immunity, the high health-improving potential of the natural environment is becoming increasingly important, which makes it possible to create an integral system of interaction between humans and nature, allowing them to comprehensively solve the problems of improving the health of the population, preserving nature, and optimally combining the regime of urban life with active recreation.
Sports and health tourism is one of the most massive movements. Taking into account the high social and health-improving role of sports tourism at the present time, a program for its development at the present stage has been developed, approved by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism. The main directions of this program:
- creation on the basis of recreational lands of a system of sports and recreation centers, tourist tracks, eco-stadiums, tourist camps, shelters, etc.;
- reconstruction and reorganization of the system of tourist clubs (places of communication, training, information base);
- creation of a state-public system of personnel training. It was built on the principle: the specifics of sports tourism should be taught by professionals, active practitioners of sports tourism in tourist clubs, and general issues should be taught in the departments of state institutions of higher education.

ORGANIZATION OF TOURISM WORK.
Organizational work begins with developing a plan. The plan should be closely linked with the work plans of sections on types of tourism, the tourist club, the regional council for tourism and excursions.
Calendar plans for the main events of the councils for tourism and excursions for each next year are developed and approved in August-September of the current year based on the calendar of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. During this period, the Route Qualification Commissions (RQC) must submit their plans with draft cost estimates for each event. For each section of the plan that provides for the allocation of certain funds, it is recommended to provide a written justification for the importance of the event with references to the documents of the Central Council available on this issue.
The basis for drawing up a work plan should be the third section of the Regulations on tourist ICCs. With minor exceptions, all points of this section should be reflected in the work plan of the ICC at any level.
A typical route plan for a qualification commission of a small physical education team, where the main work is related to organizing weekend hikes, conducting hikes no higher than the first category of difficulty, should be included in the work plan of the tourism section as an integral part of it and have the following sections:
- development of routes for weekend hikes;
- consultations on the choice of routes, preparation, organization and conduct of hikes and trips;
- checking the preparedness of groups for long-distance travel and preparing route documents;
- listening to reports from tourist groups on completed trips, issuing certificates of credit for trips;
- consideration of materials for the assignment of categories in tourism;
- conducting a hike to improve the qualifications of ICC members;
- participation in a regional seminar to improve the qualifications of commission members;
- participation in the reporting conference of the regional ICC;
- purchase of literature, maps, design of the IWC stand;
- preparation of an annual report on the work of the ICC. The plan is drawn up in the form of a table:
Table 1
The appendix provides an explanation of the estimates and justification for the need to allocate funds for the activities.
Development amateur (sports) and planned tourist routes conducted by commissions during specialized expeditions. The significance of these expeditions is great. After all, the entire sports classification for tourism is currently built on lists of routes that are developed on the basis of reports on expeditions conducted by both the Central and local IWCs. A well-planned and organized expedition allows you to study and classify a number of routes of various difficulty categories, but in one particular area. Expedition plans must be agreed upon with the Central Route Qualification Commission.
The cost estimate for expeditions includes: round-trip travel, meals, rental of tourist equipment and inventory, communication costs, purchase of medicines, payment for intra-route travel (drop-off), payment for work on preparing a report on the expedition (printing work, making photographs, binding) .
Conducting consultations for amateur tourists - an important section of the commission’s work. Here is a list of expenses that should be provided for organizing this work: purchase of books, maps, atlases, visual aids; bookbinding expenses; expenses for reproduction of maps, forms, etc., tourist documentation, necessary instructional and information materials, etc.; expenses for mass consultations and lectures (on certain geographical areas, on environmental issues, on organizing socially useful work, etc.); expenses for photography, equipment of ICC information stands, etc.
Checking the preparedness of tourist groups for travel and issuing conclusions to organizations conducting travel on the readiness of groups is the most important part of the commission’s work, on which the safety of travel largely depends. It requires almost no costs, since this work is carried out on a voluntary basis. However, in cases where it is necessary to inspect groups on the ground, expenses are included for the inspector’s travel to the selected test site, the cost of his food and equipment rental. The number of people performing such checks and the frequency of checks depend on the volume of work of the commission.
Carrying out preventive work to prevent accidents during hikes and travel (except for that which is directly included in the work section of the ICC) is carried out in the form of joint raids with the tourist control and rescue service (if it is not in the area, then without it) to check tourists’ compliance with the Rules. This work, as a rule, is carried out during the period of the most mass hikes (May holidays, school and student holidays) and in the most popular areas. At the same time, if possible, all tourist groups passing through the inspected area should be checked in order to assess the scale of these violations, develop a plan and recommendations for improving the organization of travel. During the raids, they check the correctness of the tourist documentation, the suitability of the equipment for the complexity of the hike, the practical skills of the group members, their knowledge of the Rules and issues of nature conservation, the behavior of tourists in bivouacs, etc.
To carry out this work with more complete coverage of the region, it is advisable to send there the largest number of ICC members. At the same time, funds are provided for their business trip and accommodation in field conditions.
This section of work also includes such activities as placing advertising messages in periodicals about restrictions on the movement of tourists, about the location of checkpoints, about the time and place of work of the ICC, about recommended routes for weekend hikes, about Rules, recommendations for prevention of accidents, etc. This also includes printing costs for posters on preventive topics (rules, precautions for various types of travel, methods of overcoming natural obstacles, environmental issues, addresses of tourist clubs where you can get advice); expenses for leaflets, brochures with information for beginner tourists.
Monitoring the passage of routes by tourists within the established control periods does not require any direct costs. But if the group has not confirmed the passage of the checkpoint, immediate organization of search work is required. And for this you need funds that it is advisable to have specially reserved.
Review of reports from tourist groups about the completion of routes, questions about the classification of travel completed and the assignment of sports categories are carried out on the same days as the discussion of application materials. To successfully organize this work, all that is required is projection equipment and screens and a number of special forms that facilitate the work of the ICC.
Conducting training and advanced training for ICC members are carried out in the form of seminars, training camps, and hikes. Funds are also provided for each of these activities.
A seminar to improve the qualifications of ICC members is usually short-lived, it takes 5-7 days. Such a seminar can be held at tourist centers. In this case, in addition to purely theoretical and seminar classes, in the evenings discussions of the most important issues of route and qualification work are organized, plenums (conferences) are held, reports on the most interesting trips of the year are heard, and competitions for the best tourist trip are judged.
The training camps include not only indoor training, but also outdoor training where techniques are practiced.
To conduct such events, expenses for accommodation and meals are included (if nonresidents are invited), payment for lecturers, and expenses for conducting practical classes. Travel is paid by sending organizations.
Plenums, conferences, and meetings are planned mainly by commissions of at least regional scale. Conferences (plenums) should be held regularly, at least once a year. Since the powers of the commissions are valid for two years, reporting and election conferences are held closer to the expiration date.

ENSURING SAFETY WHEN ACTIVITIES IN TOURISM.

Ensuring the safety of participants in tourist trips is the most important task in the complex of measures for organizing, preparing and conducting a trip, and accident prevention rightfully occupies a leading position among the main sections of tourism work.
In sports tourism, the solution of educational, educational, sports and recreational tasks, the effectiveness of which is largely determined by the effectiveness of the group’s preparation for the trip, is primarily aimed at ensuring the safety of tourists. Safety on the route is ensured at the preparatory stage, both the preparation of the participants (physical, technical, psychological, tactical, special), and the route work of the group (all aspects of which require, of course, that the experience and preparedness of the participants match the conditions of the area, the nature of the route, the calendar plan of the trip) , and a set of measures for the organization and logistics of the campaign (financing, equipment, clothing, shoes, food, medicines corresponding to the conditions of its implementation) - all this is a single complex to ensure the success of the campaign and the safety of its participants.

Causes of injuries and accidents in tourism

The importance of the real experience of a tourist group, its physical, technical, tactical, psychological preparedness for passing a specific route (and in a specific classification and geographical area) in ensuring the safety of the participants of the trip is well known. As a matter of fact, all route work primarily comes down to solving one of the fundamental components of tourist safety, namely, its classification provision. However, there are still many shortcomings and imperfections in the work to prevent injuries and accidents. This issue is perhaps the most pressing of all the problematic issues of sports tourism.
Analysis of accidents in tourism allows us to classify the main factors, objective and subjective, that determine the causes of their occurrence as follows.
The immediate causes of accidents can be:
-falls of stones, snow cornices, ice; avalanches;
- mudflows;
-cracks in glaciers;
- fast flow of mountain rivers, rapids, rifts, ridges, rubble, whirlpools, - polynyas on rivers, swamps;
-low air temperature, wind, solar radiation, atmospheric precipitation, lightning;
- thin air at high altitudes;
-darkness, lack of visibility;
-poisonous animals and plants.
The immediate causes of accidents caused by natural factors pose a danger primarily due to the incorrect actions of the hike participants themselves.
These actions include:
-one of the tourists dumping stones on those located below the slope;
- cutting of snow when traversing a slope, causing an avalanche;
- prolonged stay at high altitudes (altitude sickness) and movement in the high-altitude zone on snowy slopes without protective glasses (eye burns - “snow blindness”);
-moving on closed glaciers without organizing insurance (falling into a crack);
-moving in poor visibility conditions without maintaining small intervals;
-choosing a place for training sessions (and competitions) in a previously unprepared area, on an area with steep slopes, on a river with too strong a current, in an avalanche and rockfall zone;
-use of poor-quality (defective) equipment: old ropes, ice axes with a cracked shaft, boats with fragile skins;
-lack of reliable, properly organized insurance when crossing mountain rivers, capsizing of a boat, overflow of a raft onto a rock;
- Primus explosion, overturning of dishes with hot food, excessively long exposure to the sun (burns);
-eating poor quality foods or poisonous plants (poisoning).
The causes contributing to the occurrence of an accident are divided into three groups.
The first group includes reasons caused by insufficient control on the part of conducting, issuing and control organizations regarding the experience and preparedness of the group, the route, the quality of cartographic material, equipment, food, and medical support of the group.
The second group includes reasons caused by insufficient (for this route) technical, tactical and physical preparedness of the participants in the hike.
The third group should include: weak psychological, including moral and volitional, preparation of the participants in the campaign, which is especially pronounced in difficult situations and contributes to the aggravation of the emergency situation in the group; psychological incompatibility between some participants in the hike; weak discipline in the group, lack of authority on the part of the expedition leader.

Security system

A complete solution to the complex problem of ensuring the safety of participants in tourist trips consists of implementing a number of activities - sports and technical, logistical and educational. The diagram allows us to sufficiently characterize each of the listed components.

Rice. 1.Structure of the system for ensuring the safety of participants in tourist trips

The sports and technical support for the route is formed on the basis of the sports classification justification for the route and its material and technical support.
Sports classification justification for a route is a complex task that includes two main components: classification and tactical.
Classification of tourist safety is a leading component of the tourism safety system.
When it comes to classification security, determined by the choice of area and the nature of the route, it is necessary to clearly imagine the real possibility - the experience of the group with the real classification characteristics of the route. For example, when a tourist group of Moscow students with experience of hiking II category of difficulty along the Kola Peninsula declares a route of III category of difficulty in the Polar Urals, we are dealing with exactly such a case of compliance. On the one hand, the group meets the formal requirements of the Rules, but on the other - the actual - side, there is no real compliance, since in terms of climatic conditions, the complexity of the terrain and, most importantly, “meteosurprises”, this area is much more complex than the Moscow region, which has not yet found its own reflected not only in certificates of tourist experience, but also in the classification system itself
Choosing a hiking area and determining its timing is one of the most important classification decisions. For areas of hiking, skiing, mountain and water tourism, deadlines for conducting hikes have been established. Periods of time outside of these deadlines refer to the off-season with the ensuing additional requirements for leaders and participants of hikes. The group determines the timing of this trip taking into account the established time limits, the participants’ capabilities regarding the timing of their next vacations, as well as in accordance with the group’s clear understanding of the expected weather conditions, snow conditions, and water levels in the river. The purpose of introducing travel dates is concern for the safety of tourists, specifically manifested in establishing optimally safe boundaries for the time of a normal (not “off-season”) hike. However, "optimum security" is not "maximum security". Within established periods, lasting from 3 to 6 or more months, fluctuations in weather and other physical and geographical factors are so great that the very use of the concept “optimal” (best) is somewhat loose and means that this period can be considered quite acceptable , and the rest of the time - completely bad.
As an example, organizing a hiking group in the Central Caucasus. The second half of May is a time of still very deep snow, which requires significant effort when passing snowy slopes, especially in the afternoon. Cracks in glaciers, bergschrunds and randklufts are clogged with snow and are much easier to overcome than in the second half of summer, but they also require extreme attention and full provision of insurance and self-insurance. The most powerful avalanches have already occurred, but the avalanche danger (especially on the southern slopes of the Main Caucasus Range) is still far from minimal. Dense fogs are very common, significantly complicating orientation and requiring the ability to wait. End of summer - second half of August. If there were no heavy snowfalls - and they happen at the end of July - the glaciers are practically open. Passing icefalls requires high technical training. Due to the intense melting of glaciers, the rivers are difficult to cross. Rockfalls are intensifying, and falling blocks of ice on icefalls are dangerous.
That is why the collection and analysis of information about the trekking area, together with the preparation of cartographic material, will be decisive in the final choice of exact, rather than approximate, trekking dates.
The second component of the sports classification justification for the route is tactical support, i.e., compliance of the route with the real capabilities of the group. It is necessary to pay attention to the direct connection between “leader fit” and “tactical route fit”. The success and safety of the campaign largely depends on the compliance of the group leader (his experience, personal training, creative mindset, organizational abilities, ability to remain a leader in any situation) with the tactical plan of the campaign.
The material and technical support of a tourist group must be understood as a complex of organizational and methodological measures, the successful and competent implementation of which creates reliable conditions not only for the implementation of the tactical plan of the campaign and the achievement of the sports goals set by the group, but also for preserving the health of the participants and ensuring a full, active and emotional recreation.

TRENDS OF MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS TOURISM.
Currently, the commercial component in the tourist sports movement has noticeably increased. It lies in the fact that a fairly large number of entrepreneurs from the tourism business, information and advertising fields, as well as government, administrative and educational structures are trying to find themselves in the sports tourism sector, believing that in the future it can bring significant financial dividends.
The greatest interest is associated with organizing a business in the field of extreme tourism, including training personnel to conduct relevant tours. Global privatization of the intellectual potential of sports tourism (ST), complete disregard for security issues in the name of the main goal - to make money as quickly as possible, to privatize popular competitions. This trend is understandable. But building a system that would take into account 50 years of experience in the development of sports tourism, would take all the best and at the same time free itself from unnecessary restrictions is not easy.
Another trend in the development of ST is the greater classification freedom introduced by the Russian Tourist Union, which leads to the emergence and development of new subtypes of tourism, both within existing ones and outside them. Moreover, the interest, for example, of the media in some of them, which essentially represent extreme shows, is completely inadequate to the number of participants. At the same time, mass types of ST and their achievements cannot appear on television.
The third problem - trend can be attributed to the problem of emasculation of the main essence of the ST - its natural habitat. Events that can hardly be called tourist are increasingly appearing, for example, holding the Moscow Mountain Tourism Championship in a gym. I would like to emphasize that this in no way excludes the holding of such competitions as training ones and a basis for growing mass participation in sports tourism. At artificial distances, techniques and skills are used that are no longer characteristic of those used in the natural environment on a real route. This trend will eventually lead, as it already happened with orienteering, to the emergence of another sport that uses individual elements of tourism, but in fact represents a set of distances with different principles of competition. The basis of which is now primarily based on speed parameters, visibility, and show elements. The right to life of such events exists only on the condition that their financing should not be made at the expense of the development of basic forms of tourism, which include sports tourism schools, correspondence and intramural championships, touriades, as well as events from the tourist all-around class, such as those are held on the rivers Chuya in Altai and Belaya in Adygea.
The fourth trend in the development of trekking is that the growth in the complexity of hikes has slowed down somewhat, and there has also been a need to search for more complex routes in long-known and accessible areas of the country, such as Karelia, the Urals, etc. For water tourism, this is the passage of a bunch of obstacles spaced at a location during a period, for example, of high water. This trend is apparently related to the economic difficulties facing the organizers of trips to new areas and the need for sponsorship.
The fifth feature of the development of ST is that it, like the whole country, is entering a period of greater state regulation of all processes, and as a consequence of this, there is greater attention from the state to its development. This feature is noticeably expressed in the policy pursued by the State Sports Committee of Russia and its territorial structures. ST has become a kind of battle zone for ministries and departments interested in its development that oversee issues of sports, tourism and education. The reason for this lies in ST itself, which is a comprehensive mass sports and recreational technology on the one hand and, on the other hand, represents the basis for the development of commercial extreme tourism and the associated system of training personnel of a wide profile: for national parks, recreation areas, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the system of tourist and youth clubs, the management sector, and the traditional direction - organizing and conducting sports trips, trips and tours.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Management and economics of physical culture and sports.
Edited by V.V. Kuzin, M.: Academy, 2004.
etc.................

Physical education is a type of education, the specific content of which is teaching movements, nurturing physical qualities, mastering special physical education knowledge and forming a conscious need for physical education activities.

In the process of physical education, a wide range of physical education and sports knowledge of sociological, hygienic, medical-biological and methodological content is also acquired. Knowledge makes the process of physical exercise more meaningful and therefore more effective. In this work, let us consider sports tourism as a means of physical education for schoolchildren.

Yu. N. Fedotov and I. E. Vostokov consider it appropriate to define tourism as a special type of activity during travel, in free time from work to meet human needs for physical and moral education, knowledge of the environment, communication, recreation using tourism means achieving tourist goals: recreational, sports, cultural and educational, local history and research, professional and business, etc. .

Like many sports, tourism is interconnected with various components of physical culture. In basic physical education, sports and health tourism is presented in the form of school tourism, in professional-applied physical education - in the form of elements of terrain orientation and overcoming natural obstacles.

The types, types and forms of tourism are varied. In our study, we will consider sports tourism, which is considered by Yu. N. Fedotov and I. E. Vostokov as follows.

Sports tourism has a target function - sports improvement in overcoming natural obstacles. This means improving the entire complex of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for the safe movement of a person over rough terrain, and improving physical fitness to overcome difficult natural terrain.

Types of tourism are distinguished by type of travel: walking, skiing, mountain, water, cycling, auto-moto, speleo, sailing (collapsible vessels), horseback riding, combined. These types of tourism are included in the sports qualification as part of sports tourism. They can develop within any type of tourism, but in sports tourism they are standardized by certain requirements for a set of technically complex obstacles, duration, length and other factors of the tourist-sports route.

Sports tourism, along with other sports, is included in the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification (EVSK) and has certain rank requirements for obtaining sports titles and categories. Characteristic distinctive features form different forms of tourism. In terms of accessibility, it is classified as social, in terms of the form of organization - as amateur, in terms of physical activity - as active, in terms of the composition of participants - as group, while the composition of participants can be school, youth, family, etc.. .

In amateur travel, tourists are completely self-service; they themselves decide all issues related to assembling a group, choosing a route, providing equipment, developing a travel schedule, purchasing food, etc. .

Currently, the priority areas of state social policy in the field of tourism include amateur sports and health tourism. The legal basis here is the provisions arising from the Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 26, 1996 No. 177.

Sports and health tourism (hereinafter - SOT) is an independent and socially oriented sphere, a way of life for a significant segment of society; an effective means of spiritual and physical development of the individual, instilling a caring attitude towards nature, the most democratic type of recreation, characterized by free choice of the form of personal activity of all socio-demographic groups of the population.

According to its goals, sports and health tourism can have a sports, educational, educational, research, environmental orientation and a combination of these.

By type of event, SOT realizes its goals in organizing and conducting: travel, sports trips, competitions, rallies, expeditions, extreme sports tours, sports tourism schools for the training of guides and sports tourism instructors.

Thus, sports tourism is a complex concept, meaning the improvement of the entire complex of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for the safe movement of a person over rough terrain, and the improvement of physical fitness to overcome difficult natural terrain.

Tourism is an integral part of physical education, in which special educational tasks are solved (the formation of vital and sports motor skills, the acquisition of basic knowledge of a scientific and practical nature) and general pedagogical tasks for the formation of the student’s personality, that is, it promotes moral, labor, aesthetic , patriotic education of the younger generation, caring attitude towards nature, desire for knowledge, active life position.

Tourism is actively used as a means of active recreation, promoting the harmonious development of the individual, strengthening health, and increasing the cultural level of a person.