How to end a presentation on rocks and minerals. Gems

We collected and decorated the mini-museum “World of Stones - Minerals” together with children and parents over the course of two years. Children enjoy looking at and studying stones and playing. Classes are conducted based on the collected material.

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Our planet and everything and everything that surrounds us consists almost entirely of minerals. Despite such diversity, not everyone is able to distinguish them at first glance. The vast majority of minerals are solids, but there are also liquids. Every year, geologists and scientists discover new minerals. Some of the minerals are so rare that they are found in only a few copies. So far, more than 3,500 minerals have been discovered, of which only a few dozen are widely distributed on the surface of the earth.

The vast majority of minerals are solids, but there are also liquids.

Many people confuse the concepts of “mineral” and “rock”. Typically, a rock is formed by two or more minerals.

We learned all this and a lot more interesting things when we started collecting a collection of stones.

It all started when I noticed how the children were interested in various pebbles, looking for them on the site during a walk, sorting them and giving them their names.

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Variety of stones

Precious stones are minerals that have a beautiful appearance, are quite rare and expensive.

Diamond. Colorless, yellow, brown, blue, light blue, green, red, pink, black. It is transparent and fragile. The main deposits are known in Africa, Russia, Australia and Canada.

Ruby. Red, red-brown, red-purple, red-pink. Except Antarctica, it is found on all continents.

Sapphire. Blue and cyan in various shades; colorless, pink, orange, yellow, green, purple, black. The most famous sapphire deposits are located in the USA, Australia, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Burma, Thailand and China.

Emerald. Green, yellowish-green. Emeralds are mined in Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, China, Cambodia, Egypt.

Alexandrite in daylight: dark blue-green, bluish-green, dark grass-green, olive green in evening or artificial light: pink-raspberry, red-violet, purple. Alexandrite deposits in Russia, Brazil, Tanzania and Madagascar e.

Garnet is red, bright red, orange, lilac, green, violet, black, chameleons (in the light of the sun - bluish-green, under the light of an electric lamp - lilac-green). Beautiful intergrowths are found in Karelia.

Aquamarine. Light blue, bluish-green, greenish-blue or blue-gray. Deposits are known on all continents, the most significant: Brazil, Russia.

Opal. White, yellow, red, orange, brown, blue, green, black. Opal is considered the national stone of Australia.

Building stones. For centuries, natural stone has held a leading position in construction. Natural stone is strong, stable and durable.

Asbestos Mica Gypsum Granite

Pumice Basalt Limestone Marble

Sandstone Shell rock Slate Flint Chalk

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Completed by: Irina Muravyova, 10th grade student

GEMS

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1. Precious stones - Diamond - Emerald - Ruby - Sapphire - Alexandrite - Topaz - Aquamarine - Amethyst - Garnet - Turquoise - Peridot - Moonstone - Pearl

2. Semi-precious and semi-precious stones - Jadeite - Amber - Opal - Agate - Cat's eye - Onyx - Carnelian 3. Jewelry

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Gems

Diamond Emerald Ruby Sapphire Alexandrite Topaz Aquamarine Amethyst Garnet Turquoise Peridot Moonstone Pearl

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DIAMOND – “the one that does not break”

The play of colors and brilliance of a diamond are beautiful, but its most remarkable properties are its hardness and chemical resistance. Diamond is a crystalline modification of pure carbon, formed in the deep interior of the Earth, in the upper mantle at depths of more than 80-100 kilometers, at exceptionally high pressure and temperature.

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A little history...

The largest diamond found was named "Cullinan". Its weight was 3106 carats (or 621g), and was presented to the English King Edward VII. During processing it was split into 105 parts.

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During the Spanish conquest of the New World, an emerald almost the size of an ostrich egg was kept in one of the temples of modern Peru, i.e. 16-18 cm along the long axis and weighing, apparently, about 3 kg. The stone was considered the embodiment of the goddess Umina and was an object of worship. The Spaniards failed to capture the emerald; the priests of the temple hid it so well that it has not yet been found.

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Ruby is aluminum oxide with an admixture of chromium. One of the oldest written references to ruby ​​is contained in Indian texts dating back to 2300 BC, where it is called the “king of precious stones”, “leader of gems”.

Ruby is a type of the mineral corundum. The largest known ruby ​​weighs 459 g (2475 carats).

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Sapphire is aluminum oxide with an admixture of titanium and iron. Sapphire, azure yakhont, blue yakhont are a variety of corundum. The name comes from the Sanskrit Sanipruya, which means "loved by the planet Saturn". The largest include: a deep blue sapphire from Sri Lanka weighing 258.18 carats, inserted into a brooch (Russian Diamond Fund), a blue star sapphire “Star of Asia” weighing 360 carats - in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution (USA); also a giant uncut sapphire from Myanmar weighing 63,000 carats (about 12.5 kg). Three sapphires weighing 2302, 1997 and 2097 carats bear carved portraits of American presidents A. Lincoln, J. Washington and D. Eisenhower.

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Alexandrite is a jewelry variety of chrysoberyl, the name was given in the 19th century. named after the heir to the throne, the future Tsar Alexander II (1818-1881). Alexandrites are extremely highly valued by jewelers. This applies primarily to large, clean specimens of intense green and bluish-green color, as well as stones that give the effect of a cat's eye or are opalescent. The weight of the set stones ranges from 1-5 carats.

Alexandrite

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Ladies, who do not disdain large diamonds even during the day, often frown at the word topaz - it seems too accessible to them. And in vain: the color range of topaz is worthy of an artist’s palette, and with a good cut it is so good that it deserves closer attention and respect.

after the ancient name of the island Topazos.

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A type of beryl mineral. The name aquamarine comes from the Latin aqua marina - “sea water”, since the color of the stone resembles warm tropical seas. Once upon a time, aquamarines were used to decorate royal crowns, and they were also used as lenses for glasses (the first lenses date back to 1300). It is believed that aquamarine is able to tame the raging sea. This is a talisman of true love, protecting friendship and preserving justice.

Aquamarine

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Amethyst is a type of quartz. The color is due to the structural admixture of Fe. In China, bottles and small boxes were cut out of light amethysts. In Ancient Greece and Rome, gems, signets and small items were cut out of amethyst. In the Middle Ages, amethyst was highly valued in the East and Europe, where it was considered preferable for decorating church items and priestly clothing. The giant amethyst is kept in Washington - its weight is 1362 carats. The stone was credited with the ability to protect a person from intoxication, and its name translated from Greek means “free from intoxication”, “non-drinker”.

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A unique red pyrope garnet, the size of a pigeon egg, is kept in the museum of the Czech city of Trebnice. There is also the famous garnet set - a necklace, two bracelets, a belt buckle, earrings and a ring - containing 460 garnets, unique in beauty and size (the largest of them has a diameter of 12.3 mm). These jewelry were made by Czech jewelers for 18-year-old Ulrike von Levetzow, with whom 73-year-old Goethe was desperately in love.

Garnet is a group of minerals including isostructural and largely isomorphic island silicates. The name (from the Latin granatum - “pomegranate”) was received due to the similarity of the stones with pomegranate seeds.

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Turquoise has been used since ancient times - rough stones of the Aztecs, jewelry with turquoise from the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs, stone-cutting crafts of Chinese craftsmen, magnificent turquoise jewelry of the peoples of Asia - and to the present day.

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Chrysolite is a transparent variety of the mineral olivine - a silicate of iron and magnesium. The word “chrysolite” (that is, “golden stone”; Greek chrysos - “golden”) existed already in ancient times. It is found in ancient texts dating back to the 3rd century. BC e. Sometimes the stone is called the evening emerald, because under artificial light the yellow tint disappears, and the stone appears pure green. Beautiful, faceted chrysolite is one of the regalia of the Russian crown.

Chrysolite

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Moonstones are nature's jewels, with a sensual, seductive charm. The soft shimmer that makes moonstone so desirable is at its best when wearing these stones.

Moon rock

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Pearls were first found over 6,000 years ago and were very popular in Egypt. The color of pearls is white, but with different shades: blue, pink, gold, silver, green, black, rainbow. The depths of the sea are considered to be the source of pearls. Pearls are considered a symbol of power, wisdom, happiness and beautiful dreams. Pearls strengthen fidelity in love and also promote the development of the mind and thoughts. Pearls should not be given as a gift.

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Semi-precious and ornamental stones

Jadeite Amber Opal Agate Cat's Eye Onyx Carnelian

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Jadeite together with jade are combined into a group called “jad”. It is a very durable ornamental stone. Since ancient times it has been used as a material for jewelry, religious and artistic crafts, as a talisman.

According to the Chinese, jadeite (jade) was the harbinger of all precious stones and symbolized the five cardinal virtues: mercy, modesty, courage, justice and wisdom. More than 2000 years ago in China, jade was widely used to make cult attributes - sacred figurines and other ritual objects, as well as insignia and various symbols of state power. Thanks to its excellent decorative qualities and the possibility of mirror polishing, jadeite is a high-class jewelry and ornamental stone.

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Amber, (Bernstein) - from the ancient German burnen - “to burn”, petrified resin of coniferous trees. Since ancient times, jewelry has been made from amber, clothing, magical equipment, and liturgical utensils have been trimmed with it. In antiquity, it was believed that amber was the creation of the Sun God. The “amber room” was a wonderful work of art.

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Granite is the most durable natural stone of all rocks. Even in ancient times, people built fortifications, impregnable walls and castles from granite. Now, in our time, stone is widely used in construction and cladding of buildings.

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Limestone is a widespread, pliable rock, easy to work with, but quite strong, despite its ability to dissolve. In the Middle Ages in Europe, numerous cities surrounded by fortress walls, including famous architectural monuments, were built from limestone.

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Marble, a type of limestone, is the most popular building mineral in human history; it has been used as a construction and finishing material since ancient times. Marble has been used in sculpture and architecture for thousands of years. In Ancient Greece and Rome, statues were carved from it and temples were built, which have survived to varying degrees to this day. Moscow Metro

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The most famous representative of the mineral kingdom, diamond, was discovered by man about 5 thousand years ago. Possessing exceptional properties, this mineral has become indispensable in modern technology and medicine. Diamond mining in Yakutia

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It's hard to believe, but this stone is almost 100% carbon, the same element that ordinary coal and graphite are made of. The word "diamond" translated from the ancient Indian language means "one that does not break." Diamond is steadfast and unperturbed. It is rightfully considered the hardest of all stones discovered in nature; its surface cannot be scratched by other minerals. But it can be easily broken with a hammer.

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Diamond is beautiful. Its optical properties make it one of the most beautiful gemstones. A chemically pure mineral is transparent and colorless; foreign inclusions color it in different colors: yellow, blue, green, red, etc. The shine gives the diamond an extraordinary radiance. In addition, even in low light, this stone “plays”: it enchants the eye with tints and flashes of all the colors of the rainbow.

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In Russia, the first emerald was found by Maxim Stepanovich Kozhevnikov, a tar farmer from the Beloyarsk volost in the Urals. In December 1830, between the roots of an upturned tree on the banks of the Tokovaya River, about 80 km from Yekaterinburg, he discovered several small green crystals, which turned out to be emeralds. In the 30s In the 19th century, several more deposits were discovered in the Urals. Emeralds

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The ancient Indians, who considered the ruby ​​sacred, knew how to distinguish it from other stones. In the East, ruby ​​is still considered the most valuable stone. “The King of Gems” - that’s what they called him in Ancient India. Rubies

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Sapphire is the closest relative of ruby. In the East they are considered half-brothers: ruby ​​is the son of the Sun, and sapphire is the son of Jupiter, but both were born of the Earth. Sapphire Untreated sapphire

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Rock crystal One of the most common minerals on Earth is quartz. The purple variety is called amethyst, the yellow variety is called citrine, and the transparent variety is called rock crystal. amethyst quartz

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Malachite is a very ancient material that was used to make jewelry and exquisite amulets. In addition, Malachite is a healing material that was often used by folk healers to cure diseases.