Physical culture is a human activity aimed at improving health and developing physical abilities. It is part of the general culture of a person, as well as part of the culture of society. The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society: the level of health and physical development of people; the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production, everyday life, in the organization of free time; the nature of the physical education system, the development of mass sports, the highest sporting achievements, etc.

Even in ancient times, doctors and philosophers believed that it was impossible to be healthy without physical education. Constant and varied physical exercise makes the human body strong and beautiful. Until now, we are admired by the works of ancient sculptors who embodied in their creations physical strength and a harmoniously developed human body - Apollo Belvedere, Venus de Milo, Hercules, Discobolus, Spearman.

If nature has not rewarded you with the appearance of Apollo, it can be achieved through physical exercise. In addition, physical education helps maintain health, increases performance, and relieves fatigue.

The main elements of physical culture: physical exercises, their complexes, competitions, hardening of the body, occupational and household hygiene, active-motor types of tourism, physical labor as a form of active recreation for mental workers.

Physical exercises, acting on the cerebral cortex and subcortical centers, cause a feeling of cheerfulness and joy, create an optimistic and balanced neuropsychic state. Physical education should be done from early childhood until old age. Physical education is based on the principles of systematic training and a gradual increase in load.

Physical activity is important both for overcoming motor deficits (physical inactivity) and for maintaining and promoting health. Along with physical education and sports, hardening is an excellent means for this.

Having a beneficial effect on the neuro-emotional system, physical culture prolongs life, youth, and beauty. Like a sculptor’s chisel, physical exercise “polishes” the figure, gives grace to movements, and creates a reserve of strength.

Neglect of physical education leads to obesity, loss of endurance, agility, and flexibility.

Table 4. Energy expenditure during various types of physical exercise.

Physical culture is the path to liberation from the chains of heredity. Conquer the slave of heredity biology, and you will feel comfortable, confident and can count on the attention of others. See Physical exercises, as well as in the “Health” section - Physical therapy, Active recreation.

R. Bardina

“What is physical culture” and other articles from the section

Concepts and definitions according to f.k.

1. Adaptive physical education– this is a type (area) of physical culture of a person with health problems, including a disabled person, and society.

2. Autogenic training– this is self-regulation of the mental state, aimed at relaxing all muscles, relieving nervous tension, calming and normalizing body functions using special self-hypnosis formulas.

3. Adaptation- adaptation of the body, its functional systems, organs and tissues to the conditions of existence.

4. Avitaminosis– a specific metabolic disorder caused by a long-term absence (deficiency) of any vitamin in the body

5. Anabolic steroids– chemicals that stimulate protein synthesis in body tissues and increase muscle mass, accelerating the recovery of the body.

6. Aerobic metabolism– the process of breakdown and oxidation of nutrients with the participation of oxygen.

7. Movement amplitude- the range of movements of individual parts of the body in relation to each other or the whole body in relation to the projectile.

8. Athletic gymnastics(bodybuilding) is a system of physical exercises with weights aimed at comprehensive strength training and improving the physique through muscle development.

9. Aerobics– a system of cyclic exercises that require endurance and help improve the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

10. Acrobatics- a system of physical exercises associated with performing body rotations in different planes with and without support and maintaining balance by one athlete, together or in groups.

11. Run- this is a method of accelerated movement in which single-support and flight phases alternate, i.e., supporting one foot on the ground alternates with the flight phase (with the unsupported phase).

12. Block- a technical defensive technique in volleyball, with the help of which the path to the ball flying after the opponent’s attack is blocked.

13. Biorhythms– cyclical changes in biological processes occurring in the body, independent of external conditions.

14. Vitamins– these are biologically active organic compounds necessary for the normal functioning of the body.

15. Vis- the position of the student on the apparatus, in which his shoulders are below the grip points.

16. Recovery- a state of the body that occurs during work and is especially activated after its completion and consists of a gradual transition of altered functions to the original state, usually through a phase of supercompensation.

17. Working in– a state that occurs during the initial period of work, during which there is a transition of body functions and exchange in – in from the level of rest to the level necessary to perform this work.

18. Lunge– position with the supporting leg extended and bent, the other leg straight, the torso vertical.

19. Kind of sport is a type of activity that is the subject of competition and has historically taken shape as a way of identifying and comparing human capabilities.

20. Hypokinesia- insufficient motor activity of the body.

21. Physical inactivity- a set of negative morpho-functional changes in the body due to insufficient motor activity (atrophic changes in muscles, demineralization of bones, etc.).

22. Hypervitaminosis– occurs when there is an excess intake of vitamins.

23. Hypovitaminosis– lack of vitamins in the body.

24. Hypoxia- oxygen starvation, which occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air or in the blood.

25.Grouping- the position of the student in which the legs are bent at the knees, the arms are pulled to the chest and the hands are grasping the knees.

26. Breath- a complex of physiological processes that ensure the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by a living organism.

27. Motor experience- the volume of motor actions mastered by a person and the methods of their implementation.

28. Discipline- conscious subordination of one’s behavior to social rules.

29. Motor actions- this is a movement (movement of the body and its links) performed for a specific purpose.

30. Physical activity– this is the number of movements performed over a period of time (day, week, month, year

31. Doping– these are prohibited pharmacological drugs and procedures used to stimulate physical and mental performance and thereby achieve high sports results.

32. Dolphin- a method of sports swimming that arises as a type of breaststroke.

33. vital capacity(vital capacity) - the maximum amount of air that a person is able to exhale after a maximum inhalation.

34. Z healthy lifestyle- the process of a person’s compliance with certain norms, rules and restrictions in everyday life that contribute to the preservation of health, optimal adaptation of the body to environmental conditions, and a high level of performance in educational and professional activities. (this is a way of human life aimed at preserving and improving people’s health).

35. Hardening– is an increase in the body’s resistance to the influence of external factors using the natural forces of nature.

36. Immunity– the body’s immunity to infectious diseases.

37. Individual- a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity, capable of self-knowledge and self-development..

38. Somersault- rotational movement through the head with sequential contact of the supporting surface with individual parts of the body

39. Circular method organizing the activities of students, providing for the sequential implementation of a series of tasks, dosed individually on the basis of the maximum test.

40. Amateur sports– a multilateral mass sports movement in the general system of physical education of citizens, which gives the opportunity to improve their sports skills and achieve the highest results in various sports.

41. Personality– a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity, with a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize the individual as a member of society or community.

42. Pulmonary ventilation- the volume of air that passes through the lungs in a minute.

43. Massage– an effective means of restoring and increasing the body’s performance, improving its functional qualities.

44. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2)- The greatest amount of oxygen that the body can consume in a minute during extremely hard work.

45. Mass sports- part of physical culture, which is a mass sports movement that promotes the development of physical culture among the population in order to attract people to physical exercise and identify talented athletes in various sports.

46. Motor density of the lesson– this is the time spent only doing exercises.

47. Methodological principles of physical education understand the fundamental methodological laws of the pedagogical process, expressing the basic requirements for the construction, content and organization of the educational and training process.

48. Methods of physical education- a way to achieve a goal, a certain way of ordering activities. The main methods are conventionally divided into three groups: verbal, visual and practical.

49. Methodology– a system of means and methods aimed at achieving certain results.

50. Muscles are antagonists- muscles that act simultaneously (or alternately) in two opposite directions.

51. Muscles– synergists - muscles that jointly perform one specific movement.

52. Myositis– muscle inflammation

53. Max- free movement of the body relative to the axis of rotation.

54. Perseverance– the desire to achieve the intended goal, energetic, active overcoming of obstacles on the way to achieving the goal.

55. National sports- part of physical culture, historically developed in the form of competitive activity and representing unique physical exercises and folk games with original rules and ways of organizing physical activity.

56. Poor posture– these are minor deviations in the position of the spine.

57. Forward kick- a technical technique of attack in volleyball, which consists of kicking the ball with one hand to the opponent’s side above the top edge of the net.

58. Olympic Charter is a collection of IOC statutory documents that formulate the goals and objectives of the modern Olympic movement, the principles of Olympism, a set of laws and rules that guide participants in the Olympic movement.

59. Olympism is a philosophy of life that elevates and unites the virtues of body, will and mind into a balanced whole.

60. Rest– this is a state of rest or active activity, leading to restoration of strength and performance. (active and passive).

61.Regular rest interval– complete restoration of performance to the original level.

62. Weighting This is external resistance to movement (weight, barbell), which complicates the exercise and helps increase muscle effort.

63. Education– an organized, systematic process aimed at acquiring certain knowledge, skills and abilities, under the guidance of teachers.

64. Lifestyle- features of people’s everyday life in specific socio-economic conditions.

65. Metabolism (metabolism)- is a complex, constantly ongoing, self-improving and self-regulating biochemical and energy process associated with the intake of various nutrients into the body from the environment, ensuring the constancy of the chemical composition and internal parameters of the body, its vital activity, development and growth, reproduction, ability to move and adapt to changing external environmental conditions.

66. BX- this is the minimum amount of energy expended by the body to maintain a basic level of vital activity.

67. Orthostatic test– transferring the body from a horizontal to a vertical position to study the body’s reactions and orthostatic stability.

68. General physical fitness is a human condition that is acquired as a result of physical training and is characterized by high physical performance, good development of physical qualities, and versatile motor experience.

69. Olympic movement is a joint activity of people carried out for the benefit of strengthening peace and friendship between peoples in the spirit of mutual understanding, respect and trust, designed to actively promote the humanistic education of peoples based on the ideals of sports.

70. Total lesson density- includes time to explain exercises, transition from one sports equipment to another, etc.

71. Jumping is a method of overcoming distances and obstacles (vertical and horizontal) using an accentuated flight phase after pushing off with the legs.

72.Climb-transition from hanging to point-blank range or from a lower position to a high one.

73.Turn– rotational movement of a body around a vertical or longitudinal axis.

74. Occupation density is an indicator of the efficiency of using training time, defined as the ratio of the time spent on exercises to the total time of the lesson.

75. Overwork is a condition of the body characterized by a significant increase in the duration of recovery after physical exercise in combination with negative mental symptoms.

76. Preparatory medical group– a group that is formed from students who have minor deviations in physical development and health, as well as insufficient preparedness.

77. Flat feet– drooping arches of the feet.

78. Pre-launch state– this is the mental state of an athlete that occurs immediately before performing in competitions.

79. Jumpability– the ability to perform a jump with a high lifting height or a significant distance without a run-up.

80.Overtraining– a pathological condition of a student, characterized by a significant decrease in the level of physical performance, negative symptoms of a functional nature in combination with mental depression.

81. Professionally– applied physical training - a specialized type of physical education, carried out in accordance with the requirements and characteristics of the profession.

82. Competition standings- this is the main document of the competition, which is guided by the main panel of judges and in which all aspects of the organization of the competition are provided.

83. Determination- the ability to make informed and sustainable decisions in a timely manner and proceed to their implementation without unnecessary delays.

84. Rhythmic gymnastics- this is a type of health-improving gymnastics, the main content of which is outdoor gear, running, jumping and dance elements, performed to music mainly in a continuous manner (almost without breaks, pauses and stops to explain the exercises).

85. Daily regime- this is the rational distribution of all types of activity and rest during the day, the automaticity of life processes repeated day after day.

86. Multitemporality (heterochrony)– different functions and qualities reach their maximum development at different ages.

87. Reflexes- these are reactions of the body that occur to irritation of receptors with the obligatory participation of the nervous system (the main mechanism of the central nervous system).

88. Resistance– stability, resistance of the body to external factors.

89. Sports uniform– adaptive state, is considered the final phase of the body’s adaptation to extreme – extreme work with the manifestation of the phase of maximum performance with the highest functional preparation.

90. Sports training- This is the main form of training for athletes.

91. Physical education system- this is a way of social practice, its foundations, united into a holistic structure.

92. Sport- part of physical culture, which is a specific form of competitive activity, preparing athletes to participate in competitions.

93. High performance sport– an area of ​​sports that ensures the achievement of high sports results and the setting of records.

94. Sports classification– a system of sports titles, categories and categories that determine the level of skill in individual sports, as well as the level of qualifications of coaches, athletes, instructors, methodologists and judges.

95. Stretching– a system of static exercises that develop flexibility and help increase muscle elasticity

96. Sports discipline is an integral part of a sport that differs from other component disciplines in the form or content of competitive activity.

97. Specialization- accentuated mastery of the elements of any sports discipline.

98. Scoliosis- This is a lateral curvature of the spine.

99. Well-being- subjective feeling of the state of one’s health, physical and spiritual strength.

100. Stress- a state of mental tension arising under the influence of strong stimuli.

101. Special Medical Group– a group that consists of students with health conditions in which increased physical activity is contraindicated.

102. Self-control is a system of monitoring the state of one’s health, physical development, physical performance and their changes under the influence of physical culture and sports.

103. Self-control– these are regular independent observations of those engaged in the state of their health, physical development, and the effect of physical exercise and sports on the body.

104. Special physical training- a process aimed at developing physical skills. qualities in accordance with the requirements of the specifics of a particular sport and the characteristics of competitive activity.

105. Sports injury– this is the impact on the human body of an external factor, a violation of the integrity and functional state of tissues and organs, and the normal course of physiological processes during physical exercise.

106 . Courage- a person’s readiness to achieve a goal, despite dangers, infringing on personal well-being, overcoming adversity, suffering, and deprivation.

107. Socialization- the process of a person mastering a system of knowledge, norms and values ​​of physical culture that contribute to his functioning as a full member of society. (The formation of a person as an individual in the process of physical education and sports).

108. Recession- quick transition from emphasis to hanging.

109. Sports preparedness– the state of an athlete acquired as a result of training, which allows one to achieve certain results in competitive activity.

110. Sports category– a criterion for the special preparedness of an athlete, the level of his sportsmanship.

111. periods of ontogenesis, within the framework of which the most significant rates of development of certain human abilities are ensured, particularly favorable prerequisites for the formation of certain skills are created.

112. Technical and applied sports- part of physical culture that requires special preparation of an athlete for competitions using technical means.

113. Fitness is a state of the body characterized by progressive functional changes that occur under the influence of repetition of motor actions.

114. Training– is the process of performing physical exercises in order to improve the quality of competitive activity.

115. Test- a measurement or test carried out to determine the condition, processes, properties or abilities of a person.

116. Body type– this is the integrity of the morphological and functional characteristics of the organism, inherited and acquired under the influence of the environment.

117. Tactics– organization of individual and collective actions for the interaction of team players according to a specific plan, allowing them to successfully fight against an opponent during competitions.

118.Exercise physical cyclic is an exercise consisting of movements continuously repeated over a certain period of time.

119. Physical acyclic exercise- This is an exercise consisting of non-repetitive movements.

120. Morning exercises (exercises) is a set of physical exercises that ensures a gradual transition from sleep to wakefulness.

121. Lesson forms- these are classes conducted by a teacher (trainer) with a relatively constant training group of students for a strictly established time in a specially designated place in accordance with the requirements of the pedagogical laws of training and education.

122. Physical fitness– the level of development of basic physical qualities (strength, flexibility, etc.) for mastering new movements is understood.

123. Physical training– physical education, aimed at preparing a person for a certain type of activity with a pronounced applied direction (this is a process that ensures the improvement of motor abilities necessary in life).

124. Physical performance is a person’s ability to perform a large amount of physical work at a given level of efficiency in a certain period of time.

125. Physical development- the process of formation, formation and subsequent change throughout the individual life of the natural morpho-functional properties of the body.

126. Physical Culture is a part of human culture associated with the physical and spiritual development of a person, which has its own cultural values ​​in the form of knowledge, motor actions and physical exercises. (The process and result of human activity aimed at achieving physical improvement of the individual).

127. Physical Culture– is an integral part of culture, which is a set of spiritual and material values ​​created and used by society for the purpose of physical development of a person, strengthening his health, improving motor abilities, contributing to the harmonious development of the individual.

128. Physical culture of the individual- the achieved level of physical improvement of a person and the degree of use of acquired qualities, skills and special knowledge in everyday life

129.Physical culture of the individual– this is a set of human properties that are acquired in the process of physical exercise and are expressed in a person’s active desire to comprehensively and harmoniously improve his body, improve health and lead a healthy lifestyle.

130. Physical education- a pedagogical process aimed at teaching movements, nurturing physical qualities, nurturing moral and volitional qualities and mastering special physical education knowledge. (A pedagogical process aimed at acquiring a supply of vital motor skills and abilities, at the diversified development of physical abilities, and at improving body shape).

131. Physical education- a pedagogical process aimed at forming a healthy, physically and spiritually perfect, morally stable younger generation, strengthening health, increasing efficiency, creative longevity and prolonging human life.

132. Physical education movement is a joint activity of people to use and increase the values ​​of physical culture.

133. Physical education (physical education and sports) movement– a form of social movement that helps to increase the level of physical culture of the population, the purposeful activities of state and public organizations, citizens in the development of physical culture and sports.

134. Physical education– systematic development by a person of rational ways to control his movements, acquisition of the necessary fund of motor abilities and skills and related knowledge.

135. Phys. minutes and physical pauses– these are short-term sessions of physical exercise, introduced into the daily routine mainly as active recreation to maintain a person’s performance.

136. Lesson form- This is a way of organizational building and management of the occupational process.

137. Frontal - method organizing the activities of those involved, when everyone performs the same task.

138. Functional test is a procedure during which a standard task is performed followed by recording the level of functional changes in order to determine the state of the body or any of its systems.

139. Form of exercise- methods of performing motor actions, with the help of which a motor task is solved with relatively greater efficiency.

140. Physical perfection– refers to ideal health. Harmonic physical development, well-developed motor functions, comprehensive physical. preparedness.

141. Physical perfection- the process of physical education and upbringing, expressing a high degree of development of individual physical abilities. Meeting the requirements of life.

142. Walking- a method of movement that maintains constant support on the ground with one or two legs

143. Grip- a way of holding a sports equipment or object while performing an exercise.

144. The Purpose of Olympism– to put sport at the service of the harmonious development of man, contributing to the creation of a peaceful society that cares about respecting human dignity.

145. Shaping is a system of predominantly strength exercises for women aimed at correcting their figure and improving the functional state of the body.

146. Energy balance– the ratio of the amount of energy supplied by food and the energy consumed by the body.

147. Core- in athletics, a projectile that is thrown after a “jump”.
Used Books:

1. Matveev L.P. Theory and methodology of physical culture: Textbook for institutes of physical culture. M.: FiS, 1991

2. Under the general ed. Matveeva L. P. - M.: FiS, 1983

1. Basic concepts

Physical Culture- part of universal human culture, the entire totality of society’s achievements in the creation and rational use of social means, methods and conditions for the directed physical improvement of a person.

Physical education– a pedagogically organized process of developing physical qualities, teaching motor actions and forming special knowledge.

Sport– an integral part of physical culture, based on the use of competitive activity and preparation for it, with the desire of those involved to achieve maximum results.

Physical development– the process of changing the natural morpho-functional properties of the human body during an individual’s life.

Physical perfection– the process of physical education and upbringing, expressing a high degree of physical preparedness for life, work and defense of the Motherland.

Physical and functional readiness- the result of physical training achieved in mastering motor skills and in the development and development of physical qualities with a simultaneous increase in the level of activity of its functional systems: musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous and other systems.

Physical activity– natural and specially organized human motor activity that ensures the vital functions of the human body.

Professional orientation of physical education– is the use of physical education means to prepare for highly productive work and ensure high human performance.

2. Physical culture is part of universal human culture

Physical Culture- constitutes an important part of the culture of society - the entire set of its achievements in its creation and rational use of special means, methods and conditions for the directed physical perfection of a person.

Firstly, everything valuable that society creates and uses as special means, methods and conditions for their use, allowing to optimize physical development and ensure a certain level of physical fitness of people (the functionally supporting side of physical culture);

Secondly, the positive results of using these means, methods and conditions (the effective side of physical culture).

Along with its role in the physical improvement of a person, physical culture can have a significant impact on his spiritual world - the world of emotions, aesthetic tastes, ethical and worldview ideas. However, exactly what views, beliefs and principles of behavior are formed in this case depends primarily on the ideological orientation of the physical education movement, on what social forces organize and direct it.

Physical Culture– a product of the development of certain historical conditions.

The state and level of development of physical culture at one stage or another depends on a number of conditions:

Geographical environment;

Working conditions, living conditions, living conditions and the level of development of productive forces;

Economic and social factors.

Indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

Mass character;

The degree of use of physical culture means in the field of education and upbringing;

The level of health and comprehensive development of people’s physical abilities;

Level of sports achievements;

Availability and level of qualifications of professional and public physical education personnel;

Promotion of physical culture and sports;

The degree and nature of the use of the media in the sphere of tasks facing physical culture;

The state of science and the presence of a developed system of physical education.

In the history of human society, there have been no times or peoples that did not have physical education in the most elementary form.

The first and most ancient means of physical culture were natural human movements associated with his life. Initially, the form of organization of physical education was play, playful movements. Play and physical exercise contributed to the development of thinking, intelligence and ingenuity.

In a slave-owning society, physical culture acquired a class character and a military orientation. It was used to suppress the discontent of the exploited masses within the state and to wage aggressive wars. Physical education systems and special educational institutions were created for the first time. The profession of physical education teacher appeared. Physical exercise was regarded on a par with poetry and music. Participants in the ancient Greek Olympic Games were: Hippocrates (medical), Socrates (philosopher), Sophocles (playwright), etc.

During the period of capitalism, physical culture was put at the service of strengthening the foundations of its political dominance by the ruling class. A feature of the development of physical culture during the period of capitalism is that the ruling class is forced to deal with issues of physical education of the masses. This was primarily due to the intensification of labor, as well as constant wars for colonies and markets, which required the creation of mass armies well physically prepared to wage war. During the period of establishment of capitalism, the sports and gymnastics movement was born, clubs and sections appeared in individual sports.

At the present stage, the main social function of physical education is the formation of physically perfect, socially active, morally stable healthy people.

3. Physical education system

The concept of “system of physical education” generally reflects a historically specific type of social practice of physical education, i.e. a purposefully ordered set of its initial foundations and organization firms, depending on the conditions of a specific social formation.

Together with its defining provisions, the physical education system is characterized by:

Ideological foundations, expressed in its social goals, principles and other starting ideas, which are dictated by the needs of the whole society;

Theoretical and methodological foundations, which in their developed form represent a holistic concept that combines scientific and practical knowledge of the laws, rules, means and methods of physical education;

Software and regulatory frameworks, i.e. program material, selected and systematized in accordance with the targets and accepted concept, and standards established as criteria for physical fitness, which should be achieved as a result of physical education;

The way all these initial foundations are institutionalized and implemented in the activities of organizations and institutions that directly implement and control physical education in society.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the physical education system is characterized not so much by individual phenomena of physical education practice, but by its general orderliness, and on what initial system-forming foundations its orderliness, organization and purposefulness are ensured within the framework of a specific social formation.

The general principles on which the modern system of physical education is based are:

The principle of comprehensive harmonious development of personality;

The principle of connection between physical education and labor and defense practice;

The principle of health-improving orientation.

4. Components of physical education

Sport– part of physical culture based on the use of competitive activity and preparation for it. In it, a person strives to expand the boundaries of his capabilities, this is a huge world of evolution, the most popular spectacle, in it there is a complex process of interhuman relations. It clearly manifests the desire to win, to achieve high results, requiring the mobilization of a person’s physical, mental and moral qualities.

Physical education– a pedagogically organized process of developing physical qualities, teaching motor actions and forming special knowledge.

Purpose physical education is the education of physically perfect people, fully physically prepared for creative work and defense of the Motherland.

In the process of physical education, the following tasks are solved:

Wellness (improving health, improving physique, achieving and achieving high performance);

Educational (formation and bringing to the required perfection of applied and sports skills, acquisition of special knowledge);

Educational (formation of moral and volitional qualities, promotion of labor and aesthetic education).

Physical education is included in the education and training system, starting from preschool institutions.

Physical development is the process of changing the natural morpho-functional properties of the body during an individual’s life. Physical education is of primary importance in the development of a person’s physical qualities, his motor abilities and the natural properties of the human body directly related to them. If physical education is carried out systematically throughout the main stages of ontogenesis (individual development of the body), it plays the role of one of the decisive factors in the entire process of physical development of the individual.

Physical development- not only a natural, but also a socially conditioned process. This is a natural process, because... it unfolds on a natural basis, transmitted by inheritance, and is subject to natural laws. However, the effect of these laws depends on the social conditions of human life and activity (upbringing, work, everyday life, etc.), due to which physical development is socially determined, and to a decisive extent.

Concept "physical perfection" generalizes the idea of ​​the optimal measure of harmonious physical development and comprehensive physical fitness of a person.

Professionally applied physical education creates the prerequisites for successful mastery of a particular profession. The content and composition of PFC means are determined by the characteristics of the labor process.

Health and rehabilitation Physical Culture. It is associated with the targeted use of physical exercise as a means of treating diseases and restoring body functions that are impaired or lost due to diseases, injuries, overwork and other reasons. Its variety is therapeutic physical culture.

Background types of physical culture. These include hygienic physical culture, included in the framework of everyday life (morning exercises, walks, other physical exercises in the daily routine, not associated with significant stress) and reactive physical culture, the means of which are used in active recreation (tourism, sports and recreational entertainment ).

The following are used as physical education:

Physical exercise;

Natural forces of nature (sun, air, water);

Hygiene factors (personal hygiene, daily routine, diet, etc.)

5. Organizational and legal foundations of physical culture and sports

6. Physical culture and sports in higher education institutions

In accordance with the state educational standard for higher professional education, physical culture has been declared a mandatory discipline in the humanitarian educational cycle since 1994.

One of the most important tasks of higher education in Russia at present is the unity of fundamental professional and humanitarian training of specialists. The humanities are a means of obtaining valuable worldview knowledge, contribute to the development of intelligence and erudition, and form the culture of the individual.

The contribution of physical culture to higher education should consist in providing students with all aspects of knowledge about human life, about his health and healthy lifestyle, as well as in mastering the entire arsenal of practical skills that ensure the preservation and strengthening of health, the development and improvement of his psychophysical abilities and personality traits. With the help of knowledge acquired in physical education, students must create a holistic understanding of the processes and phenomena occurring in living nature, more fully understand the capabilities of modern scientific methods of cognition of nature and master them at the level of performing professional functions.

The purpose of physical education of students is the formation of physical culture of the individual.

To achieve this goal, the following educational, educational, developmental and health-improving tasks are envisaged:

Understanding the role of physical culture in the development of personality and preparing it for professional activity;

Knowledge of the scientific and practical foundations of physical culture and a healthy lifestyle;

Formation of a motivational and value-based attitude towards physical culture, an attitude towards a healthy lifestyle, physical self-improvement and self-education, the need for regular exercise and sports;

Mastering a system of practical skills that ensure the preservation and strengthening of health, mental well-being, development and improvement of psychophysical abilities, qualities and personality traits, self-determination in the field of physical education;

Ensuring general and professionally applied physical fitness, which determines the student’s psychophysical readiness for the future profession;

Gaining experience in the creative use of physical education and sports activities to achieve life and professional goals.

The educational material of the discipline "Physical Education" includes the following sections of the program:

Theoretical, forming a worldview system of scientific and practical knowledge and attitude towards physical culture;

Practical, facilitating the acquisition of experience in creative practical activities, the development of independence in physical culture and sports in order to achieve physical perfection, increase the level of functional and motor abilities of the individual;

Control, which determines differentiated and objective accounting of the process and results of students’ educational activities.

Based on the state educational standards of higher professional education, the curricula of universities in all areas and specialties of higher professional education provide for the allocation of 408 hours for the discipline “Physical Education” as a compulsory course for the entire period of study with a final certification.

The distribution of mandatory training hours by course is as follows: 1st – 2nd course – 2 times a week for 2 hours. 3 – 3 course – 2 times a week for 2 hours.

Mandatory final certification in physical education is carried out at the end of the 8th semester, in the form of an oral survey on the theoretical and methodological sections of the program. A student who has completed training in the discipline "Physical Education" must discover:

Understanding the role of physical education in human development and specialist training;

Knowledge of the basics of physical culture and a healthy lifestyle;

Motivational-value attitude and self-determination in physical culture with a focus on a healthy lifestyle, physical improvement and self-education, the need for regular physical exercise and sports.

The condition for admission to the final certification is the completion of mandatory tests in general physical and professionally applied physical training (not lower than “satisfactory”), provided for during the last semester of study.

Table 1.1 Mandatory tests of physical fitness of students of the basic and sports educational departments

Table 1.2 control tests for assessing the physical fitness of students of the basic and sports educational departments

To conduct practical classes, students are assigned to educational departments: basic, special, sports.

Distribution is carried out at the beginning of the school year after a medical examination, taking into account health status, gender, physical development, physical and sports readiness, and interests. Students who have not passed a medical examination are not allowed to participate in practical classes.

Those who are assigned to the main and preparatory medical groups are enrolled in the main department. Students assigned to a special medical group are enrolled in a special educational department, taking into account the level of their functional state and gender.

The sports department, consisting of study groups for sports (systems of physical exercises), enrolls students of the main medical group who have demonstrated good general physical and sports preparedness and have shown a desire to engage in depth in one of the sports organized at the university.

Students excused from practical classes for health reasons are enrolled in a special educational department to master the available sections of the program.

A student can be transferred from one academic department to another at his request only after the successful completion of a semester or academic year.

When taking tests, students who are exempt from practical classes for a long period of time complete a written thematic test related to the nature of their illnesses and take a test in the theoretical section of the program.

7. Socio-biological foundations of physical culture. Basic concepts

The human body is a single, complex, self-regulating and self-developing biological system, in constant interaction with the environment, with the ability to self-learn, perceive, transmit and store information.

Functional system of the body- this is a group of organs that ensures the coordinated flow of vital processes in them. The division of groups of organs in the human body into systems is conditional, since they are functionally interconnected. The following systems of the human body are distinguished:

nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, digestive, endocrine, excretory, etc.

Homeostasis- relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment of the body (body temperature, blood pressure, blood chemical composition, etc.)

Resistance- the body’s ability to work under conditions of unfavorable changes in the internal environment.

Adaptation- the body’s ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Hypokinesia- insufficient motor activity of the body.

Physical inactivity- a set of negative morpho-functional changes in the body due to insufficient motor activity (atrophic changes in muscles, detraining of the cardiovascular system, demineralization of bones, etc.).

Reflex- the body’s response to irritation, both internal and external, carried out through the central nervous system. Reflexes are divided into conditioned (acquired in the process of life) and unconditioned (innate).

Hypoxia- oxygen starvation, which occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air or in the blood.

Maximum oxygen consumption- the greatest amount of oxygen that the body can consume per minute during extremely intense muscular work. The MIC value determines the functional state and degree of fitness of the body.

8. The human body as a single self-developing and self-regulating biological system.

Medical science, when considering the human body and its systems, proceeds from the principle of the integrity of the human body, which has the ability to self-production and self-development.

The human body develops under the influence of genotype (heredity), as well as factors of the constantly changing external natural and social environment.

The integrity of the body is determined by the structure and functional connection of all its systems consisting of differentiated, highly specialized cells united in structural complexes that provide the morphological basis for the most general manifestations of the body's vital activity.

The physiological regulation of processes occurring in the body is very perfect and allows it to constantly adapt to changing influences of the external environment.

All organs and systems of the human body are in constant interaction and are a self-regulating system, which is based on the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems of the body. The interconnected and coordinated work of all organs and physiological systems of the body is ensured by humoral (fluid) and nervous mechanisms. In this case, the central nervous system also plays a leading role, which is capable of perceiving and responding to the influences of the external environment, including the interaction of the human psyche, its motor functions with various environmental conditions.

A distinctive feature of a person is the ability to creatively and actively change both external natural and social conditions to improve health and increase mental and physical performance.

Without knowledge of the structure of the human body, the patterns of activity of individual systems, organs and the entire organism as a whole, vital processes occurring under the influence of natural factors on the body, it is impossible to properly organize the process of physical education.

The educational and training process in physical education is based on a number of natural sciences. First of all, this is anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy is a science that studies the shape and structure of the human body, individual organs and tissues that perform any function in the process of human development. Anatomy explains the external shape, internal structure and relative arrangement of organs and systems of the human body.

Physiology is the science of the patterns of functioning of an integral living organism.

Functionally, all organs and systems of the human body are closely interconnected. The intensification of the activity of one body necessarily entails the intensification of the activity of other bodies.

The functional unit of the organism is the cell - an elementary living system that ensures the structural and functional unity of tissues, reproduction, growth and transmission of the hereditary properties of the organism. Thanks to the cellular structure of the body, restoration of individual parts of organs and tissues of the body is possible. In an adult, the number of cells in the body reaches about 100 trillion.

A system of cells and non-cellular structures, united by a common physiological function, structure and origin, which forms the morphological basis for ensuring the life of an organism is called tissue.

Taking into account the mechanism of exchange and communication of cells with the environment, storage and transmission of genetic information, and provision of energy, the main types of tissues are distinguished: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

Epithelial tissue forms the outer covering of the body - the skin. The surface epithelium protects the body from the influence of the external environment. This tissue is characterized by a high degree of regeneration (restoration). Connective tissue includes connective tissue itself, cartilage and bone. A group of body tissues that have contractile properties is called muscle tissue. There are smooth and striated muscle tissue. Cross-striped tissue contracts at the request of a person, smooth tissue contracts at will (contraction of internal organs, blood vessels, etc.) Nervous tissue is the main structural component of the human nervous system.

Physical training

Physical Culture- a sphere of social activity aimed at preserving and strengthening health, developing a person’s psychophysical abilities in the process of conscious motor activity. Physical Culture- part of culture, which is a set of values, norms and knowledge created and used by society for the purpose of physical and intellectual development of a person’s abilities, improvement of his motor activity and the formation of a healthy lifestyle, social adaptation through physical education, physical training and physical development (in accordance with with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2007 N 329-FZ “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation”);

The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

• level of health and physical development of people;
• the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production and everyday life.

General information

The term “physical culture” appeared at the end of the 19th century in England during the period of the rapid development of modern sports, but did not find widespread use in the West and over time practically disappeared from use. In Russia, on the contrary, having come into use since the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolution of 1917 the term “physical culture” received recognition in all high Soviet authorities and firmly entered the scientific and practical lexicon. In 1918, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Moscow, in 1919 Vseobuch held a congress on physical culture, since 1922 the magazine “Physical Culture” was published, and from 1925 to the present - the magazine “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture”. Gradually, the term “physical culture” became widespread in the countries of the former socialist camp and in some “third world” countries. The very name “physical culture” indicates its belonging to culture. Physical culture is a type of general culture, a side of activities for the development, improvement, maintenance and restoration of values ​​in the field of physical improvement of a person for the self-realization of his spiritual and physical abilities and its socially significant results associated with the performance of his duties in society.

Physical culture is part of the general culture of mankind and has absorbed not only centuries of valuable experience in preparing a person for life, mastering, developing and managing for the benefit of a person the physical and mental abilities inherent in him by nature (from a religious point of view - by God), but what is not less important is the experience of affirming and strengthening the moral principles of a person manifested in the process of physical education. Thus, in physical culture, contrary to its literal meaning, people’s achievements in improving their physical and, to a large extent, mental and moral qualities are reflected. The level of development of these qualities, as well as personal knowledge, skills and abilities to improve them constitute the personal values ​​of physical culture and determine the physical culture of an individual as one of the facets of a person’s general culture.

Means of physical culture

The main means of physical culture, developing and harmonizing all manifestations of the life of the human body, are conscious (conscious) exercises of various physical exercises (bodily movements), most of which were invented or improved by the person himself. They involve a gradual increase in physical activity from exercises and warm-ups to training, from training to sports games and competitions, from them to the establishment of both personal and general sports records as personal physical capabilities increase. In combination with the use of natural forces of nature (sun, air and water are our best friends!), hygienic factors, diet and rest, and depending on personal goals, physical culture allows you to harmoniously develop and heal the body and maintain it in excellent physical condition for many years .

Components of physical culture

Each of the components of physical culture has a certain independence, its own target setting, material and technical support, a different level of development and the volume of personal values. Therefore, sport in the activity sphere of physical culture is especially distinguished, using the phrases “physical culture and sports”, “physical education and sports”. In this case, “physical culture”, “physical culture” in the narrow sense, can be understood as mass physical culture and therapeutic physical culture.

Mass physical culture

Mass physical culture is formed by the physical activity of people within the framework of the process of physical education and self-education for their general physical development and health improvement, improvement of motor capabilities, improvement of physique and posture, as well as activities at the level of physical recreation.

Physical recreation

Recreation (Latin - recreatio, literally - restoration) - 1) vacation, break at school, 2) recreation room in educational institutions, 3) rest, restoration of human strength. Physical recreation is physically active recreation and entertainment using physical exercises, outdoor games, various sports, as well as natural forces of nature, as a result of which pleasure is obtained and good health and mood are achieved, mental and physical performance is restored. As a rule, classes at the level of mass physical culture for a healthy person are not associated with very great physical and volitional efforts, however, they create a powerful disciplinary, tonic and harmonizing background for all aspects of his activity.

Healing Fitness

Another, also non-sports in terms of goals, direction of physical culture is formed by therapeutic physical culture (motor rehabilitation), which uses specially selected physical exercises and, as already noted, some sports equipment for the treatment and restoration of body functions impaired as a result of diseases, injuries, overwork and others. reasons.

Sport

Adaptive physical education

The specificity of this activity sphere is expressed in the complementary definition “adaptive”, which emphasizes the purpose of physical education for persons with health problems. This suggests that physical culture in all its manifestations should stimulate positive morpho-functional changes in the body, thereby forming the necessary motor coordination, physical qualities and abilities aimed at life support, development and improvement of the body. The main direction of adaptive physical culture is the formation of motor activity as a biological and social factor influencing the human body and personality. Understanding the essence of this phenomenon is the methodological foundation of adaptive physical culture. At the St. Petersburg University of Physical Culture. P.F. Lesgaft opened the Faculty of Adaptive Physical Culture, whose task is to train highly qualified specialists to work in the field of physical culture for disabled people.

Physical education

The modern broad concept of “physical education” means an organic component of general education - an educational, pedagogical process aimed at a person’s mastering the personal values ​​of physical culture. In other words, the purpose of physical education is the formation of a person’s physical culture, that is, that aspect of a person’s general culture that helps to realize his biological and spiritual potential. The founder of the scientific system of physical education (initially - education), which harmoniously promotes the mental development and moral education of a young person, is the Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft (1837-1909) in Russia. The “Courses for Teachers and Leaders of Physical Education,” created by him in 1896, was the first higher educational institution in Russia for training specialists in physical education, the prototype of the modern St. Petersburg Academy of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft. Graduates of the Academy receive higher education in physical education and become specialists in various fields of physical education, including in the field of physical education, that is, the acquisition by people of the values ​​of physical education. In relation to work in higher educational institutions, such a specialist is called a teacher of physical education, or a teacher of the department of physical education. It is necessary to distinguish between the terms “physical education” as professional training in special educational institutions and “physical education” in its original (according to P.F. Lesgaft) sense of physical education. In English, the term “physical education” can be used in both senses. It should also be borne in mind that the English term “en:physical culture” in the sense of our broad concept of “physical culture” is not used abroad. There, depending on the specific direction of physical education, the words “en: sport”, “en: physical education”, “en: physical training”, “en: fitness”, etc. are used. Physical education in unity with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education ensures the comprehensive development of the individual. Moreover, these aspects of the general process of education are manifested to a significant extent in the process of physical education itself, organized accordingly.

In higher educational institutions, the process of physical education of students is carried out at the Department of Physical Education through the academic discipline “Physical Culture”.

The goal of physical education is achieved in solving interrelated health-improving, developmental, educational and educational tasks.

The health-improving and developmental objectives of physical education include:

• strengthening health and hardening the body;
• harmonious development of the body and physiological functions of the body;
• comprehensive development of physical and mental qualities;
• ensuring a high level of performance and creative longevity.

It is believed that in order to accomplish these tasks, the total time of educational and training sessions in the discipline “Physical Education” and additional independent physical exercises and sports for each student should be at least 5 hours per week.

see also

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation.

Synonyms

See what “Physical education” is in other dictionaries: Physical training …

Spelling dictionary-reference book physical training - physical training …

Nanai-Russian dictionary - (therapeutic) physical culture Dictionary of Russian synonyms. physical education see sport Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011…

Synonym dictionary

Definition of “physical culture”

“Physical culture is part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at improving health and developing a person’s physical abilities” (Encyclopedic Dictionary)

The theory of physical culture proceeds from the basic principles of the theory of culture and is based on its concepts. At the same time, it has specific terms and concepts that reflect its essence, goals, objectives, content, as well as means, methods and guidelines. The main and most general concept is “physical culture”. As a type of culture, in general social terms, it represents a vast area of ​​creative activity to create people’s physical readiness for life (health promotion, development of physical abilities and motor skills). In personal terms, physical culture is a measure and method of comprehensive physical development of a person.

Thus, physical culture is a type of culture that is a specific process and result of human activity, a means and method of physical improvement of a person to fulfill social duties.

The structure of physical culture includes such components as physical education, sports, physical recreation (rest) and motor rehabilitation (recovery). They fully satisfy all the needs of society and the individual in physical training.

Physical Education- a pedagogical process aimed at the formation of special knowledge, skills, as well as the development of versatile physical abilities of a person. Like education in general, it is a general and eternal category of social life of the individual and society. Its specific content and focus are determined by the needs of society for physically trained people and are embodied in educational activities.

Sport- gaming competitive activity and preparation for it; is based on the use of physical exercises and is aimed at achieving the highest results, revealing reserve capabilities and identifying the maximum levels of the human body in physical activity. Competitiveness, specialization, focus on the highest achievements, and entertainment are specific features of sport as a part of physical culture.

Physical recreation (rest)- the use of physical exercises, as well as sports in simplified forms for people to actively relax, enjoy this process, have fun, switch from ordinary activities to others. It constitutes the main content of mass forms of physical culture and is a recreational activity.

Motor rehabilitation (recovery)- a targeted process of restoration or compensation of partially or temporarily lost motor abilities, treatment of injuries and their consequences. The process is carried out comprehensively under the influence of specially selected physical exercises, massage, water and physiotherapeutic procedures and some other means. This is a restorative activity.

Physical training- type of physical education: development and improvement of motor skills and physical qualities necessary in specific professional or sports activities. It can also be defined as a type of general training of a specialist (professional) or athlete (for example, physical training of a gymnast).

Physical development- the process of changing the forms and functions of the body under the influence of natural conditions (food, labor, everyday life) or the targeted use of special physical exercises. Physical development is also the result of the influence of these means and processes, which can be measured at any time (dimensions of the body and its parts, indicators of various qualities, functionality of organs and systems of the body).

Physical exercise- movements or actions used to develop physical qualities, internal organs and motor skill systems. This is a means of physical improvement, transformation of a person, his biological, mental, intellectual, emotional and social essence. It is also a method of physical development of a person. Physical exercises are the main means of all types of physical education.